Ion leakage experiments were performed as previously described (MacKey et al., 2003 (link)). Leaves were infiltrated with bacterial suspensions of Pst DC3000 (AvrRpm1) at 2 × 108 cfu/mL. Leaf discs (0.5 cm2) were washed with 30 mL of distilled water for 30 min and then transferred into 10 mL distilled water. Ion conductivity was measured over time using a conductivity meter (Thermo Scientific).
Conductivity meter
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States
A conductivity meter is a scientific instrument used to measure the electrical conductivity of a solution. It determines the ability of a solution to conduct an electric current, which is directly related to the concentration and mobility of dissolved ions in the solution. The conductivity meter provides a numerical value that represents the conductivity of the sample, typically expressed in microsiemens per centimeter (μS/cm) or millisiemens per centimeter (mS/cm).
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Lab products found in correlation
λ dna, by New England Biolabs (1 mentions)
Clampex 10, by Molecular Devices (1 mentions)
Cryoscopic osmometer, by Gonotec (1 mentions)
Organic carbon analyzer, by Analytik Jena (1 mentions)
Icp aes, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Ion chromatography, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Ph electrode, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Elemental analyzer, by Elementar (1 mentions)
8 protocols using conductivity meter
1
Measuring Ion Leakage in Plant Leaves
2
Quantifying Bacterial Growth and Ion Leakage
3
Single-Molecule DNA Translocation in Microfluidic SU-8 Nanopores
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The microfluidic system integrated with the SU-8 nanopore membranes was filled with a buffer electrolyte of 1 M KCl (Fluka, USA), 10 mM Tris (Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane), and 1 mM EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) (Fluka, USA) at pH=8.0. The conductivity of the buffer electrolyte was measured by a conductivity meter (Thermo Scientific, USA). The current signal was measured using an Axopatch 700B low-noise current amplifier (Molecular Devices, USA) with Ag/AgCl electrodes. Data were low-pass-filtered at 10 kHz using the built-in 8-pole Bessel filter. The output signal was sent to a Digidata 1322A data acquisition module (Molecular Devices, USA), was digitized at 200 kHz, and recorded using Clampex 10.2 software (Molecular Devices, USA). For DNA translocation experiments, λ-DNA (New England BioLabs, USA) was added to the buffer electrolyte.
4
Nanoemulsion Conductivity Characterization
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Nanoemulsion conductivity (σ) was tested to confirm whether it is O/W or W/O nanoemulsion. The conductivity meter (Thermoscientific 113, Ltd, India) composed of platinized electrodes was used. All the mentioned parameters were tested in triplicate.
5
Microfluidic Cell Volume Sensor for Astrocytes
6
Comprehensive Soil Characterization Protocol
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The moisture content (MC) of the soil samples was determined by weighing the samples before and after drying them at 105 °C for 24 h. The dried soil samples were then used to determine other parameters. An organic carbon analyzer (Analytikjena, Jena, Germany) was used to determine total organic carbon (TOC), and an elemental analyzer (Elementar, Hanau, Germany) was employed to determine total nitrogen (TN) and sulfur (S). Soil samples were mixed with ultrapure water at a ratio of 1:10 (w/v) and placed on a stirrer to mix for 10 min. The mixture was left to stand for 30 min to dissolve the salts in the soils. The pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil suspension were measured using a pH electrode (Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA) and a conductivity meter (Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA) respectively. The mixture of soil and water was centrifugated at 6000 rpm and the soluble metals in the supernatant were determined using ICP-AES (Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA), and anions were analyzed using ion chromatography (Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA). The soluble total phosphorus (TP) in the samples was determined by ammonium molybdate spectrophotometric method and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) with Nessler’s reagent spectrophotometric method according to the water and wastewater monitoring and analysis methods [13 ].
7
Measuring Leaf Electrolyte Leakage and Relative Water Content
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Electrolyte leakage (EL) of leaves was measured according to the method of Blum and Ebercon (1981) (link). Briefly, about 0.2 g fresh leaves were weighed and placed into a 50 mL centrifuge tube containing 30 mL ultrapure water. The centrifuge tubes were agitated on a shaker for 24 h at room temperature, and the initial conductivity (C0) was measured with conductivity meter (Thermo, New York, USA). The tubes containing the same leaf tissue samples were then autoclaved at 121°C for 15 mins and agitated for another 24 h to measure the final conductivity (Cl). The EL was calculated as C0/Cl × l00%. About 0.2 g fresh leaves were collected to measure leaf fresh weight (FW), submerged in water for 12 h to measure leaf turgid weight (TW), then dried at 80°C for 72 h to measure leaf dry weight (DW). The RWC was calculated as (FW–DW)/(TW–DW) × 100%.
8
Electrolyte Leakage Index for Cellular Stress
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Leaf Electrolyte Leakage Index (ELI) was used as a function of cellular injury from osmotic stress as well as ion uptake according to Ballou et al. (2007) and de los Reyes et al. (2013) . Briefly, leaf discs were sampled from individual plant replicates (n = 5) and placed in 5 mL ultrapure water (18 megaOhms). Electrical conductivity (EC) was measured with a conductivity meter (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) after allowing the tissue electrolyte to leach out (stress EL). Total tissue electrolytes were measured after boiling at 95°C. Electrolyte leakage was calculated as: EL sample = EC boiled /EC unboiled x 100. ELI was calculated with the following equation and expressed as a mean of ELI (n = 5): ELI = EL 144hr /EL 0hr x 100.
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