Montmorillonite mmt

Trimethylsiloxy-terminated PDMS (silicone oil) with a molecular weight of 5970 g/mol was purchased from Gelest (Morrisville PA, USA). Glass spheres (GS), montmorillonite (MMT), and kaolin (K) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Aeroperl 300 Pharma colloidal silica (aero) was kindly supplied by Evonik (Istanbul, Turkey) via Marmara Ecza (Istanbul, Turkey). HDK N20 fumed silica was kindly supplied by Wacker (Istanbul, Turkey) via IMCD Group (Istanbul, Turkey). Whatman Grade 1 filter paper (WFP) was purchased from General Electric (Turkey). Reagent grade tetrahydrofuran (THF) and isoproponal (IPA) were purchased from Merck (Germany) and used as received.

Lupolen 1800S manufactured by Lyondellbasell industries Ltd., Milton Keynes, UK with the trade name of LDPE was supplied by Northern Polymers and Plastics Ltd., Crewe, UK. The molecular weight and melting temperature of this LDPE are 356 kg/mol (polydispersity 6.7) and 106 °C, respectively, and it has a melt flow index of 20 g/10 min and density of 917 kg/m³. Montmorillonite (MMT, chemical formula: H₂Al₂(SiO₃)₄·nH₂O with surface area 220–270 m²/g) K10 as a reference filler was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich, Gillingham, UK. The spent OBM waste slurry was obtained from a local oil and gas service company in Aberdeen, UK. To characterise the solid content in this OBM slurry, the petroleum hydrocarbon was eliminated by using thermal treatment process. To obtain the solid residue, the OBM slurry is heated sporadically via the following stages: 50 °C for 12 h (1st heating) followed by 80 °C for a further 12 h (2nd heating); finally, the residue is heated at 700 °C for 12 h (3rd heating). For subsequent analysis, this solid residue was crushed into smaller pieces using a grinder, followed by a further size reduction to produce powder by using an IKA UltraTurrax ball mill.

Montmorillonite (MMT) and 99% hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with a molecular weight of 125,000 g/mol were procured from Sigma-Aldrich. Wheat husk (WH) was supplied by Shandong Province, China. To remove the insoluble and soluble ash, the raw material was rigorously cleaned for 30 times using distilled water. The soluble ash was collected by rotary evaporation. The washed WH was treated for 60 min at 180°C to obtain XOS and the WH residue (WHR). The LCN (1 wt%) was produced from the WHR through a UH-20 homogenizer at 200 bar (Union-Biotech, China) (Luo et al., 2020 (link)).