by visualizing the intracellular actin filaments and nucleus following
staining with rhodamine phalloidin (Millipore Sigma, USA) and DAPI
(Millipore Sigma, USA), respectively. The osteogenic differentiation
potential was detected by ALP staining using BCIP/NBT ALP color development
kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, China) following incubation for 7 days
under osteogenic conditions. The ROS levels were determined by staining
the cells using a DCFH-DA fluorescence kit (Beyotime Biotechnology,
China). Immunofluorescence staining was carried out using primary
antibodies against NRF2 (1:200 dilution; Abcam, UK), an Alexa Fluor
594-conjugated goat antirabbit IgG secondary antibody (1:400; Abcam),
and DAPI for nuclear staining. All the above staining procedures were
carried out as per the manufacturers’ instructions, and the
images were visualized and captured using light (Olympus IX73, Olympus
Lifescience, Japan) or fluorescence (Leica, Germany) microscopes.