Quantax 400

The apatite forming ability of the HAp‐based RBCs was evaluated in SBF using a similar method as previously reported.^[42] Briefly, disc specimens of Φ10 mm × 1 mm were immersed in 20 mL SBF at 37 °C for 1, 14, and 30 d, and the SBF was renewed once a week. Samples were gently rinsed with deionized water and placed in an oven at 60 °C for 6 h before test. The surface morphological change and chemical composition change were measured by SEM equipped with an EDS (Quantax 400, Bruker, Germany).

STEM measurements were performed by using Cs-Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy by JEOL (JEM-ARM200F) and EDS spectra were achieved from Bruker Quantax 400.

Physicochemical characterization of diesel exhaust particles was described in detail by Lankoff et al. (2017 ). Briefly, sample size distribution was measured by the Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) with a NanoSight LM20 (NanoSight, Amesbury, UK), equipped with a sample chamber with a 640-nm laser. Zeta potential and polydispersity index were determined by DLS method at 25 °C in a folded capillary cell at 150 V and M3-PALS detection using non-invasive backscatter at 173° with an Avalanche photodiode, Q.E. > 50% at 633 nm (Malvern, Malvern Hills, UK). The shape of DEPs was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (JEOL 1200 EXII, JEOL, JAPAN) operating at an acceleration voltage of 120 kV. Elemental analysis of DEPs was performed by digital scanning electron microscopy (SEM) type DSM 942 (Zeiss, Germany) in the secondary electron (SE) mode using the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) with Quantax 400 (Bruker, Germany) system. Separation and analysis of PAHs from particulate extracts were described in detail by Czarnocka and Odziemkowska (2016 ). The content of 17 PAHs was measured by the Agilent 7890A GC System chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer MS 5975C using a low-polarity Rtx-5ms capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm) (Restek, Bellefonte, PA, USA).

The crystal structure and composition were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD, AXS D8 Advance, Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, Quantax 400, Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany). The NPs and coating morphologies were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Merlin, Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). The chemical composition and electronic structure of Cs_0.33WO₃ NPs were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCALAB 250xi, ThermoFisher, Waltham, USA). The core-level XPS multi-peaks were fitted using the Gauss multi-peak fitting method. During the fitting for W4f7/2 and W4f5/2, the interval between them was fixed as 2.1 eV. Optical transmittance spectra of the coating were obtained using a UV–Vis–IR spectrophotometer (Cary 5000, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The thickness of the coatings was measured using a stylus profile meter (Alpha-Step D-100, KLA-Tencor, MI, USA).

This analysis was performed using dry biomaterials, namely after the fabrication process. Before the analysis, the biomaterials were coated with an amorphous carbon layer to provide conductive surfaces (Sputter coater SCD 005/CEA 035, BAL-TEC, Balzers, Lichtenstein, Germany). The morphology of the biomaterials was tested using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) Gemini FESEM ULTRA PLUS (Carl ZEISS, Oberkochen, Germany) with an acceleration voltage of 3 kV. The quantitative X-ray microanalysis of the chemical elements content and distribution of the materials was performed using the energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) method with an X-ray spectrometer (Quantax 400, Bruker, Carteret, NJ, USA).

The microscopic morphological studies were performed using the Zeiss Ultra Plus (Zeiss, Jena, Germany) High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). For the elemental composition determination of micro-samples, the Quantax 400 (Bruker) Energy-Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) for SEM was used. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra were collected with the D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer equipped with Cu tube and Bragg-Brentano optics with fixed slits, Ni filter, and LynxEye SSD160-2 position sensitive detector. A home-made X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) with Rh X-ray tube for fluorescence radiation excitation, Si detector and MAESTRO software for spectra collection were utilised for the determination of molar Hg/Zr ratios on sorbent samples obtained by filtration on a track-etched membrane. The total concentrations of radionuclides in the permeate samples were determined using a gamma counter (LG-1b type, INCT, Poland).

The morphology and elemental composition of magnetic particles were investigated under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) Zeiss EVO 40 (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) equipped with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) detector SDD X-flash 5010, 10 mm², 125 eV, Bruker Quantax 400 (Bruker GmbH, Berlin, Germany). The elemental composition of bulk fly ash was obtained via scanning three different areas of about 10 × 10 µm, or circles of different sizes marked on micrographs. Because of the limited sensitivity of this detector, only elements of atomic abundance higher than 0.1 at.% were identified. The EDS detector was capable of detecting elements from those with atomic numbers equal or higher than 4 (beryllium) to americium (atomic number 95). The intensity of each peak of the EDS spectrum is a quantitative measure of the element concentration. The particles to be investigated under the scanning electron microscope were poured onto a microscopic table coated with conductive carbon tape. To form a conductive coating on the particles’ surfaces, a ~20 nm thick gold and platinum layer was spattered onto the surface of the powder samples using a sputter coater Emitech K550X (Quorum Technologies Ltd., Ashford, UK).