Detailed physical measurements were made by trained personnel at all waves using identical procedures and instrumentation. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm (Leicester Height Metre; Invicta Plastics, Leicester, UK) whilst barefoot, and weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg in light clothing (Tanita TBF-300 MA, Tanita, Tokyo, Japan) using standard procedures. BMI (kg/m2) was calculated and body tissue impedance (Ω) was measured by bio-impedance (Tanita TBF-300 MA). Subsequently, child-specific equations [17] (link) were used to derive multiple estimates of fat mass (FM, kg) and fat-free mass (FFM, kg) by utilising the data on height, weight, BMI, and body tissue impedance (values from equations predicting total body water were converted to FFM and FM using age- and sex-specific data on the hydration of lean tissue [18] (link)). All permutations were pooled alongside body composition measured by the Tanita TBF-300 MA to produce aggregated measures of FM and FFM [19] (link), which were expressed relative to height-squared (fat mass index (FMI), kg/m2) and height raised to the power of 2.5 (fat-free mass index (FFMI), kg/m2.5), respectively [20] (link).
Tbf 300ma
Manufactured by Tanita
Sourced in Japan, United States
The TBF-300MA is a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) device designed for body composition analysis. It measures an individual's body fat percentage, muscle mass, and other body composition metrics. The device utilizes safe, low-level electrical signals to assess the body's impedance, which is then translated into body composition data.
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20 protocols using tbf 300ma
1
Comprehensive Body Composition Measurement
2
Body Composition Measurement in Children
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The data were collected on the children's parents at a home visit. While it was possible to study mothers at most of these visits, participation by fathers was minimal, so the paternal data were not used further. Impedance was measured using a single frequency (50 kHz) leg-to-leg BIA machine (Tanita TBF-300MA, Tokyo, Japan). The participants were measured wearing light clothing and bare feet after being asked to empty their bladders. The raw impedance and the machine calculated values for LM, FM and %fat were recorded. Height was measured without shoes and socks using a portable scale (Leicester height measure) to 0.1 cm with the head in the Frankfort plane. Weight was measured to 0.1 kg using the Tanita TBF-300MA. BMI was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)2.
3
Anthropometric Measures and Body Composition
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Height was measured to 0.1 cm with a Leicester Portable height measure and weight measured to 0.1 kg in light indoor clothing. Body mass index (BMI=weight [kg]/height [m] 2 ) was calculated for each child and Z-scores expressed relative to UK 1990 population reference data. 31 Definitions of obesity as a BMI of more than the 95 th centile (z score > 1.645) and overweight as a BMI greater than the 85 th centile (z score >1.036) compared to 1990 BMI UK reference data were used. Body fat was estimated with a TANITA TBF 300MA. Fat mass was estimated from TANITA bioelectric impedance (TBF-300MA) by applying constants for the hydration of fat-free mass having first estimated total body water using validated sex and age-specific prediction equations. 32, 33 Then fatness was estimated from total body water using sex-and age-specifıc prediction equations from Haroun et al. 33 Fat index (FI) was calculated as a Z score relative to age and sex specific reference data from the UK ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) cohort (born in 1991/92), as described in Wright et al.. 34
4
Adiposity Measurement and Classification
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Detailed physical measures were made by trained personnel at all waves. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm (Leicester Height Metre; Invicta Plastics, Leicester, UK) while barefoot and in light clothing and weight to the nearest 0.1 kg (Tanita TBF‐300 MA, Tanita, Tokyo, Japan) using standard procedures. Body mass index (BMI, kg m−2) was calculated. Body tissue impedance (Ω) was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) weighing scales (Tanita TBF‐300 MA). With these data, estimates of fat mass (FM, kg) were derived 3 , 13 and converted to the FM index (FMI, kg m−2) by division of the square of height in metres. Unlike percentage of body fat, FMI permits independent evaluation of adiposity relative to body size 14 . Internally derived age‐ and sex‐specific FMI cut‐offs were used to categorize participants as normal (<85th percentile) or overfat (≥85th percentile) at baseline.
5
Comprehensive Body Composition Assessment
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In the physique athletes, body composition and anthropometrics (including total fat mass, lean mass and visceral fat mass) were assessed with several methods, including Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA, Lunar Prodigy Advance, GE Medical Systems – Lunar, Madison, WI, USA) and B-mode axial plane ultrasound (model SSD-α10, Aloka, Tokyo, Japan). These methods were used to estimate subcutaneous fat tissue thickness of the arm (triceps brachii) and leg (vastus lateralis)19 (link). For both physique athletes and FINRISK study cohorts, waist and hip circumference was measured using standard protocols: waist circumference was measured midway between the lower rib margin and iliac crest, and hip circumference was measured at the level of the widest circumference over the buttocks. For the FINRISK cohort, anthropometric measures of total fat mass and lean mass were taken using a bioimpedance machine (Tanita TBF-300MA, USA).
6
Anthropometric Measures in Longitudinal Study
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Height and weight were measured during baseline (7 y) and follow-up (9 y, 12 y, and 15 y) using standardized methods. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a Leicester portable height measure (Chasmors, London, UK). Weight (kg) was measured and fat mass was estimated using bio-impedance while children wore light clothing using a Tanita TBF300MA. Bio-impedance data was used to first calculate age-specific and sex-specific total body water using validated prediction equations [11 (link)] after which lean mass was calculated using age-specific and sex-specific hydration factors as described by Lohman [12 (link)]. Fat mass was then calculated from weight (kg) minus lean mass. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared. Fat mass index (FMI) was calculated as fat mass (kg) divided by height (m) squared.
7
Anthropometric Measurements in Children
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Height and weight were measured during baseline and follow-up periods. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a Leicester portable height measure (Chasmors, London, UK). Weight (kg) and bio-impedance were measured while children wore light clothing using a Tanita TBF300MA. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared. Fat mass (kg) was derived using bio-impedance data to calculate age- and sex-specific total body water, hydration and lean mass as described by Lohman.20 The final calculation of fat mass comes from weight (kg) minus lean mass. Fat mass index (FMI) was calculated as fat mass (kg) divided by height (m) squared.
8
Anthropometric and Genetic Data Collection
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Demographic information included age and sex. Anthropometric data were collected at study enrolment and at follow-up about 8 months later. Participants were asked to remove shoes, socks and outdoor clothes for weighing. Weight was measured to the nearest tenth of a kilogram with the TANITA scale (TBF-300 MA, Sindlfingen, Germany). Height was measured to the nearest centimetre using the Leicester Height Measure (Marsden Group, UK). BMI was calculated from weight and height (kg/m2), and classified according to World Health Organization cut-off points (underweight/normal weight < 25.0 kg/m2, overweight ≥25.0 to <30.0 kg/m2, obese ≥30 kg/m2) [17 (link)]. Participants could opt to receive a printout of their anthropometric results, and all chose to do so.
A saliva sample for DNA extraction was collected after enrolment by asking the participant to place some sugar on their tongue to stimulate saliva flow and then spit into a plastic tube to generate 1.5-2 ml of saliva. Saliva samples were coded with a unique identifier number immediately after collection so that they were anonymous but could be linked to the anthropometric data. DNA was isolated from saliva and analysed at The Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK, as previously published [2 (link)].
A saliva sample for DNA extraction was collected after enrolment by asking the participant to place some sugar on their tongue to stimulate saliva flow and then spit into a plastic tube to generate 1.5-2 ml of saliva. Saliva samples were coded with a unique identifier number immediately after collection so that they were anonymous but could be linked to the anthropometric data. DNA was isolated from saliva and analysed at The Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK, as previously published [2 (link)].
9
Body Composition Evaluation by DXA
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At baseline (W1) and at the end of the study period (W16), body composition was assessed in the morning, with volunteers in a fasted state and wearing light clothing and no shoes.
Body weight (kg) was measured with calibrated weighing scales (TBF-300MA, Tanita Corporation, IL, USA). Waist circumference (cm) was measured at the narrowest point between the lowest rib and the iliac crest using a non-stretchable tape. The Index of Central Obesity (ICO) scores were calculated as the waist-to-height ratio.
Body fat mass was determined using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan of the whole body (XR-46; Norland Corp., Fort Atkinson, WI, USA). Discrimination of whole-body fat mass (FM) and body trunk fat mass (TFM) was performed with a computerized software (Software Illuminatus DXA v.4.4.0, Visual MED, Inc., Charlotte, NC, USA and Norland CooperSurgical Company, Minneapolis, MN, USA) using standardized procedures.
Body weight (kg) was measured with calibrated weighing scales (TBF-300MA, Tanita Corporation, IL, USA). Waist circumference (cm) was measured at the narrowest point between the lowest rib and the iliac crest using a non-stretchable tape. The Index of Central Obesity (ICO) scores were calculated as the waist-to-height ratio.
Body fat mass was determined using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan of the whole body (XR-46; Norland Corp., Fort Atkinson, WI, USA). Discrimination of whole-body fat mass (FM) and body trunk fat mass (TFM) was performed with a computerized software (Software Illuminatus DXA v.4.4.0, Visual MED, Inc., Charlotte, NC, USA and Norland CooperSurgical Company, Minneapolis, MN, USA) using standardized procedures.
10
Anthropometric Measures and Body Composition
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