Spss 19 statistical software

All data are presented as mean ± S.D. via Graph Pad prism 5 and were analyzed by unpaired Student’s t-tests with SPSS 19 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for group differences. An asterisk (*) represents p < 0.05; a double asterisk (**) represents p < 0.01; a triple asterisk (***) represents p < 0.001.

The SPSS 19 statistical software (SPSS Ltd.) was exploited to evaluate significant differences between the treated meat samples using the one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Turkey's post hoc test. Bacterial counts data were transformed into logarithms of the CFU per g of ground beef. Corresponding means, standard errors, and variances were analyzed. Differences between the mean values of the different treatments were assessed by the least significant difference test. A probability level of p < .05 was adopted to test the statistical significance of all the experimental data.

Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (χ ± s), and analyzed by SPSS 19 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Descriptive statistics (mean values and SD) were calculated for all dependent variables. The normalized EMG activation, CI, and MPF values were subjected to a repeated-measures two-way (group: stroke and control × obstacle height: 10, 20, and 30% of leg length) analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA results were adjusted using a Bonferroni post hoc test. If there was an interaction between the two effects, then one-way ANOVA was separately performed for the group effect and height effect. Pearson product–moment correlations were used to examine the relationships between the calculated variables and clinical scales. The level of significance was set at an alpha level of 0.05. All statistical analyses were done using SPSS 19 statistical software.

In order to assess a possible laterality effect, we compared the maximum value obtained for strength (grip and pinch) and function (MoviPlate score) between the dominant and non-dominant hand using the non-parametric Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. The reliability of ActiMyo^® variables (‖Ω‖), vA, P, dθ) and task scores were assessed for each task first (average value over all repetitions of the task) and scores of all tasks were pooled to estimate the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). ICC was computed using a two-way random effect model (absolute agreement) for average measurements on all trials. Correlations between the functional scores (MoviPlate, BBT, Minnesota, PC typing, handwriting) and the ActiMyo^® variables were assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient as relationships between variables might not be linear. Data from all three trials per visit were used. All analyses were performed using the SPSS 19 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). The limit of statistical significance was set to 0.05.

Data analysis was performed using the perprotocol approach in SPSS-19 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) at a significance level of 0.05. By drafting the absolute and relative frequency tables, the research data were described, categorized, and compared. To analyze the data, first, the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov test was used to determine the normal distribution of data. The Chi-square test was then used to compare the absolute and relative frequency of the subjects in terms of gender, the underlying cause of CRF, duration of each dialysis session, and frequency of dialysis per week. The ANOVA was used to compare the absolute and relative frequency of the subjects in terms of age and duration of dialysis. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the mean pain severity experienced by the subjects during AVF cannulation, and the Mann‒Whitney post-hoc U test was administered for the pairwise comparison of the mean pain severity during vascular needle insertion in the three groups.

The concentration of vanillin was determined by HPLC as described in (Information S1 in the Electronic Supplementary Materials). Vanillin molar yield was calculated as the ratio between the produced vanillin (mM) and the initial ferulic acid (mM)². The extent of biofilm formation were examined by a scanning electron microscope (EVO-18, Carl Zeiss, Germany). The sample was cut from the carriers and dried naturally. All samples were mounted and sputtered together to ensure there should be no difference in coating thickness. Bacterial cell growth was measured using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR as described in (Information S2 in the Electronic Supplementary Materials). The ATP content was used as an indicator to evaluate the cellular activity of B. subtilis in different systems. It was measured using an ATP assay kit (Beyotime, Nanjing, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions based on the bioluminescence technique (Information S3 in the Electronic Supplementary Materials). Biomass was measured using dry weight method reported by previous study51 . All experiments were carried out in triplicate and the average values were reported. A t-test was used to compare the batch to batch variation using SPSS 19 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA).