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4 protocols using anti fading mounting media

1

Retrograde Transport of Biotinylated VEGFA in Osteoarthritis

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For retrograde VEGFA transport studies, Biotin-conjugated VEGFA (1 µg/knee joint) was administered intraarticularly (IA) in the left knee joint of mice with advanced OA (16 week-post PMM surgery; experimental group-1) or sham surgery (n=3/per group). VEGFA (Cat# 293-VE, R&D systems, Minneapolis) was labeled using Biotin-XX microscale protein labeling Kits (Cat# B30010, Molecular Probes; Oregon). After 3 days, mice were terminally anesthetized in 5% isoflurane and perfused transcardially with 0.9 % saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). Lumbar dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) were harvested and were processed for immunofluorescence analyses for retrograde transportation of VEGFA. For detection of retrograde transportation of VEGFA-Biotin, sections were then incubated in a 1:20 dilution of Streptavidin-Alexa Fluor 488 (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) for 5 h at room temperature and then mounted in antifading mounting media (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) and examined using a Nikon Eclipse NiE upright microscope (Nikon Instruments Inc., Melville, NY). In our previous publication we showed retrograde transportation of NGF-Biotin from the knee joint following a similar protocol (Kc et al. 2016 (link)).
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2

Immunofluorescence Analysis of c-Fos Expression

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One hour after the end of the final behavioral test, rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (450 mg/Kg, i.p.) and then perfused transcardially with 250 ml of 0.9% saline followed by 500 ml of cold fresh 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PBS) at pH 7.4. Brains were removed and fixed overnight in 4% PFA, and transferred to 30% sucrose in 0.1 M PBS for 48 h, for cryoprotection. Frozen sections were cut coronally (40 μm) with a cryostat (CM 1850; Leica) at different levels of the prefrontal cortex, paraventricular thalamus, and amygdala.
Sections were initially blocked in a solution of 2% normal goat serum (NGS, Vector Laboratories, United States) and 0.1% Tween (Tween-20, Sigma-Aldrich, United States) in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4) for 1 h. Afterward, sections were incubated overnight at room temperature with anti-c-Fos serum raised in rabbit (Ab-5, Oncogene Science, United States) at a concentration of 1:2,000. Sections were then incubated for 2 h at room temperature in a solution of fluorescent secondary-antibody Alexa Fluor 488 (1:500; Life Technologies). Sections were cover slipped with anti-fading mounting media (Vector Laboratories) and examined under an epifluorescent microscope.
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3

Immunohistochemical and Immunofluorescence Analysis of Cartilage Proteins

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The paraffin sections were baked at 65 °C overnight. Slides were then deparaffinized and rehydrated. Dako endogenous blocking reagent (S2003, Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA) was then used to quench endogenous peroxidase for 15 min. Non-specific binding sites were blocked with 1:10 normal horse/goat serum (S-2000, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) for 30 min at room temperature. Primary antibodies: 1:400 dilution of MMP13 (ab39012, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), 1:1 000 dilution of ColX (ab49945, Abcam, Cambridge, UK); 1:400 dilution of Admts4 (ABT178, Millipore, Billerica, MA), and 1:500 dilution of Adamts5 (ab41037 Abcam, Cambridge, UK) were added, and the slides were incubated at 4 °C overnight. For IHC assays, the secondary biotinylated goat anti-mouse antibody (BA-9200, Vector Laboratories) at the dilution of 1:200 was added for 30 min on the second day, followed by incubation with 1:250 streptavidin (21130, Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA) for 30 min. Positive staining was detected by Romulin AEC Chromagen (Biocare Medical RAEC810L, Concord, CA, USA). For IF staining, an appropriate secondary antibody conjugated to a fluorescence probe was added, incubated at room temperature for 1 h, rinsed in PBS, and mounted in an anti-fading mounting media (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). Results were obtained using an Olympus BX43 upright microscope (Olympus Optical, Tokyo, Japan).
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4

Histological Analysis of Neuronal Activity

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Animals were transcardially perfused and brains were processed for histology as previously described (Do-Monte et al., 2013 (link)). Only rats with the spread of fluorescent muscimol, the presence of eYFP or retrograde tracer labeling, and the track of the electrode wires or optical fiber tips located exclusively in the target area were included in the statistical analyses. For cFos immunohistochemistry, ChR2 and eYFP control rats received blue laser illumination (5 mW, 20 Hz, 5 ms pulse width, 2 trials of 30 s, 3 min apart) of aPVT in the home cage. One hour after illumination, animals were perfused and their brains were removed from the skull and stored in a 20% sucrose solution for 48 h. Brains were processed with anti-cFos serum raised in rabbit (1:2,000, EMD Millipore), and placed in a fluorescent secondary-antibody Alexa Fluor 594 (1:200, Life Technologies) for 2 h. Sections were washed with potassium phosphate buffer, mounted in gelatin-coated slides, and cover slipped with anti-fading mounting media (Vector Laboratories).
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