Minoxidil

Minoxidil (MIN), piroxicam (PIR), baicalin (BAI), QUE, TA, OMT, and squalene were bought from Macklin (Shanghai, China). Adapalene (ADA) was purchased from Meiruier Chemical Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). LA and 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (HPTS) were purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Ferulic acid (FA), castor oil, tea tree oil, and isopropyl myristate (IPM) were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Acetonitrile and methanol were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was purchased from Gibico (NY, USA). 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di- phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) was sourced from Solarbio (Beijing, China). Other reagents were obtained from commercial sources and used without further purification.
Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and BALB/c mice were purchased from the animal center of Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, China).

C57BL/6, ICR mice, and SD rats were purchased from Shanghai Jieshige Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and housed under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions; they had free access to food and water and were under a 12 h light and dark cycle. All experiments involving animals were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and were approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai University.
Coomassie brilliant blue R250 (0.025 g, A610037, Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) was dissolved in 4.5 mL of methanol and 1 mL of glacial acetic acid and added to 4.5 mL of H₂O. Minoxidil (50 mg, M831481, Macklin, Shanghai, China) was dissolved in 1 mL of glycerol and 1 mL of 75% ethanol and then diluted to the appropriate concentration with 0.9% saline. Ruxolitinib (R849099, Macklin, Shanghai, China) was dissolved in DMSO and then diluted with 20% cyclodextrin. D-arbutin (ID0490, Solarbio, Beijing, China) was dissolved in DMSO and then diluted with 0.9% saline. RSPO1 (50316-M08S) and NBL1 (50976-M08H) proteins were purchased from Sino Biological (Beijing, China). The HaCaT cell line was introduced from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (SCSP-5091).