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19 protocols using l dopa methyl ester

1

Pharmacological Modulation of Dopaminergic Pathways

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Haloperidol, L-DOPA methyl ester, 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide, apomorphine, and clozapine were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Buprenorphine was obtained from Patterson Veterinary (Devens, MA). l-Glutamate was obtained from Tocris Biosciences (Ellisville, MO). VU0418506 and LuAF21934 were suspended in an aqueous solution of 10% Tween 80. Benserazide and L-DOPA methyl ester were dissolved in 0.9% saline, while Haloperidol was dissolved in 0.85% lactic acid (Sigma) and 0.5% Cremophor EL (Sigma), respectively. Except for L-DOPA, which is unstable at neutral pH, all drug formulations were adjusted to a pH of approximately 7 using 1 N sodium hydroxide. Drugs were administered in a volume of 1–2 mL/kg (i.p. and s.c.) or 10 mL/kg (p.o.).
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2

Modulation of L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia

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After 3 weeks of recovery, a set of Nf1+/− and WT animals were treated daily for 9 consecutive days with benserazide hydrochloride (10 mg/kg i.p., Sigma-Aldrich), followed 20 minutes later by administration of L-DOPA methyl ester (Sigma-Aldrich), using an escalating dosing regimen with each dose administered for 3 consecutive days (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg i.p.). Similarly, Ras-GRF1 OE mice and their WT littermates were treated for 9 consecutive days with an escalating L-DOPA dosing regimen (3, 6 and 12 mg/kg i.p.) plus benserazide. In all cases control animals were treated daily with saline.
A second group of hemiparkinsonian Nf1+/− mice was used to assess the effect of lovastatin on development of LID. Lovastatin (Mevinolin; Sigma-Aldrich), in the lactone form, was dissolved in ethanol and incubated at 50 °C in 0.1 N NaOH for 2 hours for the conversion to the sodium salt. Volume was adjusted with water and pH was adjusted to 7.5 with HCl23 (link),51 (link). 3-weeks after lesion, mice were pretreated with lovastatin (20 mg/kg i.p.) or 0.9% saline for 3 days. Afterwards, for 10 consecutive days, mice received 20 mg/kg of L-DOPA 2.5 h after lovastatin or saline administration.
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3

Subcutaneous L-DOPA and Benserazide Administration

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L-DOPA methyl ester and benserazide hydrochloride (peripheral DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) (Sigma-Aldrich, Stockholm, Sweden) were freshly dissolved in saline and co-administered subcutaneously (s.c.) at the doses of 6 and 12 mg/kg, respectively. The injection volume was 1.0 ml/kg body weight.
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4

6-OHDA Parkinson's Disease Model

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6-OHDA, ascorbic acid, L-DOPA methyl ester, benserazide, and MPEP were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Apoamorphine was purchased from Tocris (Bristol, UK). Rabbit monoclonal antibody against the mGluR5 receptor was obtained from Abcam (New Territories, Hong Kong, China), Rabbit monoclonal antibody against the PSD-95 receptor was obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (USA), anti-SAP102 was purchased from NeuroMab (Antibodies, Co., Davis, CA), anti-β-actin antibody was purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China).
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5

Synthesis and Characterization of trans-Clovamide

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Trans-Clovamide was synthesized using methods described by Xie et al. (2013) (link), starting with trans-caffeic acid (Cayman Chemical 70602) and L-DOPA methyl ester (Sigma-Aldrich D1507). The product was dissolved in DMSO-d6 and analyzed (1H NMR) on a Bruker AVIII-HD-500. Retention time and absorbance spectrum of the product were compared with commercial clovamide (Cayman Chemical 16138) using HPLC-DAD.
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6

Parkinson's Disease Induction Drugs

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6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), ascorbic acid, apomorphine hydrochloride, L-DOPA methyl ester, and benserazide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 6-OHDA (2 μg/μL) and apomorphine (0.1 mg/mL) were dissolved in sterile saline containing 0.02% ascorbic acid. L-DOPA (12 mg/mL) and benserazide (6 mg/mL) were directly dissolved in sterile saline before use.
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7

Evaluating Age-Related Neuroinflammation and LID

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One week after surgery, rats were tested for motor deficits via FAS and matched into equally impaired groups. In order to evaluate how age-related neuroinflammation might contribute to LID upon first L-DOPA exposure, all rats received a single subcutaneous injection of either vehicle (0.9% NaCl+0.1% ascorbic acid) or L-DOPA methyl ester (6 mg/kg; Sigma) + DL-serine 2-(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzyl) hydrazide hydrochloride (benserazide; 15 mg/kg; Sigma), dissolved in vehicle. LID was monitored for a period of 2 h and rated. After 2 h, rats were killed by unanesthetized decapitation and brains were frozen in 2-methylbutane (EMD Millipore) on dry ice and stored at −80 °C until sectioning. Brains were sliced coronally and striatal tissue punches were frozen at −80 °C for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; see below) and real-time RT-PCR (RT-PCR; see below) analysis. See Figure 1A for a schematic illustration of the experimental timeline.
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8

Preparation of Neuroprotective Compounds

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Tozadenant and Radiprodil were obtained from commercial suppliers (Pharmablock and Axon, respectively). Compounds were administered to the animals as suspensions (distilled water containing 5% v/v dimethyl sulfoxide and 1% w/v methyl cellulose; at a volume of 5 ml/kg). L-Dopa methyl ester (Sigma) was dissolved in physiological saline solution at a volume of 5 ml/kg. 6-OHDA-HBr (Sigma) was dissolved at a concentration of 4μg/μl distilled water in 0.02% ascorbic acid. All compounds were freshly prepared before the experiment and homogenized using a magnetic stirrer.
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9

Evaluation of L-4-chlorokynurenine in Parkinson's

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L-4-chlorokynurenine (4-Cl-KYN or AV-101) was provided by VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc. (South San Francisco, CA, USA). AV-101 (250 and 450 mg/kg) was diluted with the vehicle (propylene glycol, 25% in water) and administered by nasogastric gavage (4.5 mL/kg). L-Dopa methyl ester (Sigma-Aldrich, Oakville, ON, Canada) was given subcutaneous (s.c.) at a fixed dose tailored for each animal (11–35 mg/kg), always in combination with benserazide (s.c., 50 mg total) (thereafter called L-Dopa). The tailored dose of L-Dopa was determined to elicit an optimal antiparkinsonian response and clear dyskinesias while limiting side effects such as stereotypies and hypotension.
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10

Parkinson's Disease Induction Protocol

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6-OHDA (2 μg/μl) and apomorphine hydrochloride (0.1 μg/μl) were dissolved in saline with 0.02% ascorbic acid, and L-DOPA methyl ester and benserazide (12 and 6 mg/kg) were dissolved in saline immediately before use (Sigma-Aldrich). PD98059 (Calbiochem) was dissolved in 20% DMSO, 10% Tween80, and diluted to 0.4 μg/μl with saline (Miller and Marshall, 2005 (link)). Both isoflurane and pentobarbital were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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