Statistical analysis system sas version 9.4 for windows

Mean relative quantification values were calculated by the 2^−ΔΔCT method [40 (link)] using GAPDH as an endogenous control. In this study, day 0 of chondrocyte monolayer culture was used as calibrator in the 2^−ΔΔCT method for all samples. This commonly used evaluation [40 (link)] allows us to compare the expression levels of the markers in the different culture conditions (pellet, HD hydrogel, and HD polystyrene). Statistical analyses relied on mixed linear models, fitting a random intercept for each patient, using the decadic logarithm of the relative gene expression data as dependent variables. These analyses were performed using the MIXED procedure of the Statistical Analysis System SAS, version 9.4 for Windows (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). In the graphs, box and whiskers plots were used to display the PCR data (boxes show the 25th to 75th percentiles; middle lines show the medians; whiskers show minimum to maximum). The statistical significance is shown in the graphs with the Bonferroni adjusted p-value. Each box in the graphs displays the qPCR data of four independent experiments (three experiments in passage 4), consisting of two independent RNA samples of each group and experiment, all analyzed in triplicates in qPCR.

All RNA variables were described graphically by box-and-whisker plots and numerically using appropriate measures of location and dispersion. Due to the positive skew of their distributions of our outcome variables, we used the decadic logarithms instead of the original values as dependent variables in our models. The appropriateness of the log transformation was checked graphically using the residual plots for the resulting models. The effects of diagnosis, electromagnetic field strength, and their interaction with the log-transformed outcome variables were explored by means of mixed effects model with a random intercept per patient using the MIXED procedure of the Statistical Analysis System SAS, version 9.4 for Windows (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). P < 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.

A descriptive analysis of sample characteristics was performed on the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.4 for Windows (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), and the other statistical analyses were performed on R Commander Version 4.04. The Pearson’s χ2 test was used to conduct descriptive analyses of sociodemographic characteristics and disease-related factors in different polypharmacy status groups, as well as the differences between the underlying conditions of inpatients and community patients. In addition, the correlation between SDM and polypharmacy was explored by PSW (propensity-score weighting), and the OR (odds ratio) and 95% CI (confidence interval) of the variables were reported. Finally, a marginal effect analysis was performed for each variable. All analyses were conducted at the 0.05 level of statistical significance.