The thermal properties of the wet ground polymers were analysed by DSC (Polyma 214, Netzsch, Polyma 214, Selb, Bavaria, Germany). All samples (weight: 10 ± 0.1 mg) were placed in standard aluminum pans (concavus Lids (Al) NGB817526, Netzsch, Selb, Bavaria, Germany) with covers and measured in flushed dry nitrogen atmosphere. For dynamic measurements, the samples were heated and cooled from 20 °C to 260 °C at 10 K/min two times. For isothermal measurements, see Figure 3 , the samples were heated up (100 K/min) to 260 °C (I) and tempered for 1 min to ensure complete melting of the sample (II). Next, the sample was quickly cooled down (−200 K/min) with no temperature dip to the isothermal temperature of 209 °C (III) and held there for 120 min (IV). Finally, the sample was heated up (10 K/min) to 260 °C (V) to evaluate the melting behaviour of the isothermally crystallised sample.
214 polyma
Manufactured by Netzsch
Sourced in Germany
The 214 Polyma is a thermal analysis instrument designed for the characterization of polymers and other materials. It provides precise and reliable measurements of thermal properties, such as melting point, glass transition temperature, and decomposition behavior. The 214 Polyma utilizes differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technology to analyze the thermal behavior of samples, enabling researchers and engineers to better understand the properties and performance of materials.
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Lab products found in correlation
Ngb817526, by Netzsch (2 mentions)
Proteus analysis, by Netzsch (1 mentions)
Origin 2016g, by OriginLab (1 mentions)
Proteus 70, by Netzsch (1 mentions)
Proteus software, by Netzsch (1 mentions)
Ems150r es, by Quorum Technologies (1 mentions)
Phenom prox, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Ta universal analysis software, by TA Instruments (1 mentions)
20 protocols using 214 polyma
1
Thermal Analysis of Wet Ground Polymers
2
Thermal Behavior Analysis by DSC
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Thermal behavior was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with a Netzsch polyma 214 calorimeter. A gaseous N
2 flow at 50 mL/min was used as carrier gas to avoid humidity in the measurement cell. About 9 mg of each sample was weighed into hermetically sealed 40 μL aluminum pans. The samples were melted at 80°C (heating speed of 10°C/min) for 15 min. Subsequently, cooling was carried out at 10°C/min until reaching 0°C, and the samples were held at this temperature for 30 min. Then, the samples were heated again up to 20°C (10°C/min) and held at this temperature for 30 min. Finally, they were once again melted at 80°C (heating rate of 5°C/min) for 2 min.
2 flow at 50 mL/min was used as carrier gas to avoid humidity in the measurement cell. About 9 mg of each sample was weighed into hermetically sealed 40 μL aluminum pans. The samples were melted at 80°C (heating speed of 10°C/min) for 15 min. Subsequently, cooling was carried out at 10°C/min until reaching 0°C, and the samples were held at this temperature for 30 min. Then, the samples were heated again up to 20°C (10°C/min) and held at this temperature for 30 min. Finally, they were once again melted at 80°C (heating rate of 5°C/min) for 2 min.
3
Thermal Behavior Analysis of Glass-Reinforced Polymer Composites
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The thermal behaviour of the powders was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to analyze the influence of the glass flakes on the crystallization and crystallinity. For this purpose a Polyma 214 (Netzsch, Selb, Germany) was used. The samples (weighing 10 mg ± 0.1 mg) were measured in covered aluminum pans (Concavus Lids (Al), NGB817526, Netzsch, Selb, Germany) and measured with dry nitrogen gas, purging at 40 mL min−1. The measurement program consists of the following steps: (1) heating from 20 °C to 300 °C at 10 K min−1, (2) isothermal hold time of 1 min, (3) cooling from 300 °C to 20 °C at 10 K min−1, (4) isothermal hold time of 1 min. The measuring program is executed twice. For the analysis of the DSC thermgramms, the software “Proteus Analysis” (Netzsch, Selb, Germany) was used. The evaluated peak width is defined as the distance between the onset and the offset of a peak at the hight of the baseline. The relative crystallinity is evaluated by use of the melting enthalpy of the formulations. For this, the crystallinity of PBT-PC is used as the 100% standard (examples of the measured DSC curves can be found in the Supplementary Materials Figures S4–S6 ).
4
Determination of Polypropylene Crystallinity
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The crystallinity and the crystallization temperature of the coated powders are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For this purpose, a Polyma 214 (Netzsch, Selb, Germany) is used. The samples with a weight of 10 mg ± 0.1 mg are measured with covered aluminum pans type Concavus Lids (Al), NGB817526 (Netzsch, Germany) with dry nitrogen gas purging at 40 mL min−1. As the melting temperature of the PP is at 186 °C, the temperature profile to measure the thermogram is as following: (1) Start at 20 °C, (2) heating to 200 °C by a gradient of 10 K min−1, (3) isothermal step of 60° s, (4) cooling by a gradient of 10 K min−1.
5
Thermogravimetric Analysis of Materials
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Thermogravimetric experiments were carried out using sealed aluminium pans on a Netzsch Polyma 214 differential scanning calorimeter. Temperature calibrations were made using indium as the standard. An empty pan, sealed in the same way as the sample, was used as a reference. All the thermograms were run at a heating/cooling rate of 20 °C·min−1 under a nitrogen purge at a rate of 50 mL·min−1.
6
Thermal Characterization of SusB Adhesives
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Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used for investigating and characterizing the thermal behavior of the adhesives. More specifically, it was used to study the effect of different water content on the curing of the SusB adhesive. Measurements were performed with a Polyma 214 (Netzsch-Gerätebau GmbH, Selb, Germany); 2–5 mg of uncured adhesive samples was measured in a closed, high-pressure steel crucible. The device was calibrated by measuring samples of gallium, indium, tin and bismut at a heating rate of 5 K/min. Typical measurements were performed from 20 °C to 350 °C. The data were analyzed using Netzsch Proteus® software Version 8.0 (Netzsch-Gerätebau GmbH, Selb, Germany) and Origin 2016G (OriginLab Corporation, Northampton, MA, USA).
7
Thermal Characterization of Powders
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The thermal behavior of the powders is determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to analyze the influence of the CCS on the crystallization. For this purpose, a Polyma 214 (Netzsch, Germany) is used. The samples (weight: 10 mg ± 0.1 mg) are measured in covered aluminum pans (Concavus Lids (Al), NGB817526, Netzsch, Germany) with dry nitrogen gas purging at 40 mL min−1.
Since the sintering window, the area between melting and crystallization peak, is influenced by the addition of nanoscale particles, dynamic measurements are carried out to determine the changes. The program used consists of the following steps: from a starting temperature of 20 °C, the temperature is raised to 200 °C at 10 K min−1 and held for 60 s. Subsequently, the temperature is cooled down with 10 K min−1 until the initial temperature is reached.
Since the sintering window, the area between melting and crystallization peak, is influenced by the addition of nanoscale particles, dynamic measurements are carried out to determine the changes. The program used consists of the following steps: from a starting temperature of 20 °C, the temperature is raised to 200 °C at 10 K min−1 and held for 60 s. Subsequently, the temperature is cooled down with 10 K min−1 until the initial temperature is reached.
8
Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Materials
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Differential scanning calorimetry measurements were performed with a Polyma 214 apparatus (Netzsch). Samples weighting around 5 mg were placed inside 40 L aluminum pans with pierced lids, heated between 30 and 250 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min.
All experiments were performed under a nitrogen purge.
All experiments were performed under a nitrogen purge.
9
Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Melted Samples
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DSC scans were
performed by using a Netzsch 214 Polyma differential scanning calorimeter.
Measurements were done with variable heating and cooling rates, ranging
from 0.2 to 5.0 °C min–1, over a total range
of 5–60 °C. After melting and cooling, the samples were
held at 20 °C for 30 min to confirm that no solidification occurred
in the metal sample holder.
performed by using a Netzsch 214 Polyma differential scanning calorimeter.
Measurements were done with variable heating and cooling rates, ranging
from 0.2 to 5.0 °C min–1, over a total range
of 5–60 °C. After melting and cooling, the samples were
held at 20 °C for 30 min to confirm that no solidification occurred
in the metal sample holder.
10
Thermal Analysis of Biopolymer Films
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Thermal analysis of the films was conducted using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 214 Polyma (Netzsch, Germany) equipped with Intracooler IC70 cooling system. Approximately 5 mg of the sample was heated at a heating rate of 20°C per minute from −70 to 130°C for P(3HO-co-3HD-co-3HDD)-based samples and from −70 and 200°C for P(3HB)-based samples (Lukasiewicz et al., 2018 (link); Lizarraga Valderrama et al., 2020 (link)). The data were analyzed using the Proteus 7.0 Analysis Software (Netzsch, Germany). The enthalpy of fusion (ΔHm) of the composite samples was normalized to take into account the weight fraction of the filler (wf):
For P(3HB)-based samples, the percentage crystallinity of the materials (Xc%) was calculated according to the following formula:
Where ΔHm is the enthalpy of fusion of the material and ΔH° is the enthalpy of fusion for the material with 100% crystallinity, which for P(3HB) is 146 J/g (Ho et al., 2014 (link)). In case of composite films, ΔHm was replaced with ΔHnm.
For P(3HB)-based samples, the percentage crystallinity of the materials (Xc%) was calculated according to the following formula:
Where ΔHm is the enthalpy of fusion of the material and ΔH° is the enthalpy of fusion for the material with 100% crystallinity, which for P(3HB) is 146 J/g (Ho et al., 2014 (link)). In case of composite films, ΔHm was replaced with ΔHnm.
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