Glyceryl monostearate

Six commercial formulations, with different composition, have been characterized in the present study: FLINT MAX (50% tebuconazole, WG); MASSOCUR 12.5 EC (12.5% myclobutanil, EC); IMPACT EVO (12.5% flutriafol, SC); TOPAS (19.4% penconazole, EW); LATINO (formerly known as MITRUS, 12.5% myclobutanil, EC); and IMPALA STAR (2.5% fenbuconazole, EW). These pesticide formulations were acquired from various vendors, and they are described in detail in Supporting Information Table S1.
Analytical standards of the compounds glyceryl monostearate, 1‐monopalmitin, hexaethylene glycol and 1,2‐benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐one were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (≥99.7% of purity) and N,N‐dimethyldecanamide were acquired from Honeywell Riedel‐de‐Haёn (Seelze, Germany).
Methanol (99.9% purity) and water, both LC‐MS grade, were obtained from Honeywell Riedel‐de‐Haёn and from JT Baker (Deventer, Netherlands), respectively. Formic acid was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Erembodegem, Belgium).
A mixture of acetic acid, caffeine, Met‐Arg‐Phe‐Ala‐acetate salt and Ultramark 1621 (ProteoMass LTQ/FT‐hybrid ESI positive and negative) from Thermo‐Fisher (Waltham, MA, USA) were employed for the accurate mass calibration of the Q‐Orbitrap analyzer.

Itraconazole (ICZ) was gifted by Vision Pharmaceuticals (Pvt) Limited, Islamabad (Pakistan) as research material donation. Glyceryl monostearate (GMS), poloxamer 188, chitosan (CS), disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Methanol was acetic acid were purchased from Merck (Germany) Dialysis membranes (MWCO 12,000 to 14,000 Da) was procured from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). The double distilled water was obtained from distillation plant installed at Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan.

Etp, CDDP, oleic acid, glyceryl monostearate, coumarin 6 (C₆), and MTT were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Polyethylene glycol (PEG-NH₂) was purchased from Xi’an Ruixi Biological Technology (Xi’an, China). Other chemicals were of analytical grade or high-performance liquid chromatography grade and used without further purification.

A POD-NLC formula containing 5 mg/ml [POD-NLC (0.5%)] was prepared using the emulsion-evaporation and low temperature-solidification methods, as previously described (14 (link)). The formulation was optimized using orthogonal array testing. Briefly, 50 mg of POD, glyceryl monostearate (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and octyl/decyl acid triglyceride (Sigma; Merck KGaA) were dissolved in methylene chloride and lecithin (Sigma; Merck KGaA) was dissolved by sonication in ethanol (≥99.7%) for 30 min at 4°C. methylene chloride and ethanol solutions were mixed to form an organic phase. Subsequently, the organic phase was rapidly injected into a poloxamer aqueous solution, which was subsequently stirred (245 × g) in a water bath at 80°C (DF-101S; Xingshuo Instrument, Guangzhou, China) for 3–4 h. Subsequently, a coarse emulsion was rapidly mixed with 5 ml of water and ice mixture and sonicated (245 × g) at 4°C for 30 min.