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5 protocols using s26 100ml

1

Immunofluorescent Staining of Ileal Sections

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Ileal sections were incubated in antigen retrieval solution (Dako; H3300, 1/100) while being heated using a PickCell Electric Cooker. After cooling down, ileal sections were incubated with blocking buffer (goat serum; Sigma; S26‐100ML, 1/100) for 30 min at room temperature. Subsequently, sections were stained with primary antibody (rabbit anti‐lysozyme (Dako; EC 3.2.1.17, 1/500) or rabbit anti‐DCAMKL1 (Abcam; Ab31704, 1/500)) overnight at 4°C. After washing the slides with PBS, ileum sections were counterstained with DAPI (Thermofisher; D21490, 1/1,000), UEA‐1 Fluorescein (Vector laboratories; FL‐1061, 1/1,000), and WGA (ThermoFisher; W11261, 1/200) and incubated with secondary antibody goat anti‐rabbit Alexa Fluor 568 (Thermofisher; A11036, 1/1,000). After 1 h, slides were mounted and later imaged with Zeiss AxioScan (10×) and processed with Zen Blue (anti‐DCAMKL1 staining) or imaged with Zeiss LSM880 Airyscan (60×) and processed with Zen Black software (anti‐lysozyme staining).
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2

Investigating RANK Expression in RAW 264.7 Cells

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RAW 264.7 cells were plated in a chambered coverslip (18 wells) at a density of 2 × 104 cells/well and separated into the following 4 groups: 1. No stimulation: cells were incubated in DMEM medium alone. 2. Stimulated: cells were cultured in DMEM medium + 20 ng/mL M-CSF and 20 ng/mL RANKL. 3. Experiment group: cells were incubated with Ps-Gos (0.00001–100 µg/mL) + 20 ng/mL M-CSF and 20 ng/mL RANKL. 4. Positive control: cells were treated with 30 µM D-pinitol + 20 ng/mL M-CSF and 20 ng/mL RANKL. After incubation for 24 h, cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 (No. 39487. Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA). After blocking with 5% goat serum (S26-100ML, Sigma Aldrich), they were incubated with the primary anti-mouse RANK antibody (1: 500; sc-390655, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at 4 °C overnight with shaking. Subsequently, the cells were incubated with a secondary antibody (1:200; No. sc-516141, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for 3 h and counterstained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (No. 4083, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) for 5 min. Finally, mounting medium was carefully added to preserve the fluorescence signal, and photographs were taken with a fluorescence microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The fluorescence intensity was analysed with ImageJ software.
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3

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Detection

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293F cells (transduced and control) were collected and washed with D-PBS (Gibco, 14190250). Cells were incubated with blocking buffer (10% goat serum, Sigma, S26-100 ML; 1% IgG free bovine serum albumin, Sigma, A0336-50 mL; D-PBS) for 1 h at room temperature. After incubation, blocking buffer was aspirated and cells were incubated for 1 h at room temperature with primary antibody against SARS-CoV-2 spike (1:200; Invitrogen, 703959) prepared in staining buffer (1% IgG free bovine serum albumin in D-PBS). After incubation, cells were washed three times with D-PBS followed by a 1 h incubation at room temperature in Alexa Fluor 488 Goat anti-Rabbit IgG secondary antibody (1:1000; Invitrogen, A11034). Cells were then washed twice with D-PBS. Following washes, cells were suspended in propidium iodide (Invitrogen, P1304MP) diluted 1:1000 in D-PBS as a cell viability dye. Following two washes in D-PBS cells were transferred to a 24-well plate for imaging. Immunofluorescent images were acquired using a Zeiss AxioObserver.Z1 microscope with an AxioCam 506 color camera and Zen 2 software.
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4

Visualizing Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells

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Mice were perfused 21 days’ post-induction (dpi) with 4% paraformaldehyde (PF) in a phosphate buffer (PB). They were then post-fixed for over 2 h in the same solution and stored at 4 °C in PBS. Coronal vibratome sections (50 µm) were washed and permeabilized three times with 0.5% Triton X-100 (PBS-T), washed three times in 0.1% PBS-T, and blocked for 30 min at room temperature (RT) with 5% normal goat serum (NGS, S26-100ML: Merck-Millipore). Brain sections were incubated overnight at 4 °C with the following antibodies in 5% NGS and 0.1% PBS-T: rabbit anti-PDGFRα (1:300, 3174S: Cell Signaling) and biotinylated tomato lectin (TL, 1:50, L0651: Sigma-Aldrich). After washing the brain slices three times with 0.1% PBS-T, they were incubated for 2 h at RT with a secondary antibody coupled to Alexa 633 (1:1000, Invitrogen) or a Streptavidin–Alexa Fluor 633 conjugate (1:1000, S21375: Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad,. CA, USA ). Prior to visualization, they were washed 6 times in 0.1% PBS-T and then 1× PBS.
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5

Immunofluorescence Staining of Cell Cultures

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For immunofluorescence staining cells were blocked in 10% normal goat serum (NGS) (#S26-100ML, Merck Millipore) and visualized using the following primary antibodies: anti-GFAP (#14-9892, Invitrogen, mouse IgG1, 1:500), anti-TUBB3 (#T2200, Sigma, rabbit IgG, 1:200), anti-Ki67 (#ab16667, Abcam, rabbit, 1:200). Fluorescent detection was achieved by species-specific fluorophore-linked secondary antibodies: Alexa 555 α-mouse (#CST4409, Cell Signaling, 1:500 and Alexa fluor 488 α-rabbit (#CST4412, Cell Signaling, 1:500). DAPI (#28718–90-3, Roth, 1:1000) was used to stain cell nuclei. A microscope (Eclipse Ti2-E, Nikon) was used for analyses.
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