Suramin

FaDu cells were seeded into MatTek dishes (No. 1.5 coverglass, 35 mm). After the cells were at least 70% confluent, the media was removed and the cells were gently washed with PBS. The cells were incubated with (1) FL8V1 (EMEM, 50µM, 30 min, 37 °C) washed and subsequently incubated with suramin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA; EMEM, 100 µM, 30 min, 37 °C); or (2) incubation order was reversed (suramin, then FL8V1). The cells were washed twice with PBS. Additional EMEM medium was added before the cell cultures were imaged using confocal microscopy (λ_EX = 488 for FITC tag) using the 60X oil immersion objective.

Hydrogen peroxide (Cat No.081-04215), DMSO (Cat No. 3176), and cisplatin (Cat No. 039-20093) were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). Inhibitor reagents targeting hTERT (BIBR1532; Cat No. SC-20843) [55 (link)], trichostatin (Cat No. SC-3511) [74 (link)], doxorubicin (Cat No. SC-200923) [75 (link)], TMPyP4 (Cat No. SC-204346), and suramin (Cat No. SC-200833) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (California, USA). The RdRP-specific inhibitor VX-222 (Cat No. S1480) was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, USA). HPMC (Cat No. 44779) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Massachusetts, USA).

T‐HESCs (human telomerase reverse transcriptase‐immortalized human endometrial stromal cells) and AN3‐CA cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). T‐HESCs were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium without phenol red (Sigma) supplemented with 10% charcoal/dextran‐treated foetal bovine serum (cFBS) (Biological Industries), 1.5 g/L sodium bicarbonate, 1% ITS‐G (Gibco), and 500 ng/mL puromycin. Ishikawa cells were also obtained from ATCC. Ishikawa cells were cultured in phenol red‐free DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with sodium pyruvate, penicillin/streptomycin, and 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) (Biological Industries). AN3‐CA cells were cultured in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (Sigma) supplemented with 10% FBS, 2.2 g/L sodium bicarbonate, 0.292 g/L L‐glutamine, and penicillin/streptomycin. All cells were maintained in an incubator at 37°C under a 5% CO2 atmosphere. For further experiments, cultured cells were treated with ATP (sigma), suramin (100 μmol/L, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), apyrase (1 U/mL, Sigma), ARL67156 (200 μmol/L, Sigma), carbenoxolone (Sigma), IL8 recombinant protein (R&D), cathepsin B recombinant proteins (R&D), trypsin (Amerso) and lactate (Aladdin).