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4 protocols using zonula occludens 1 zo 1

1

Histological Evaluation of Cellular Injury

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For histological analysis, the samples were placed in zinc-formaldehyde (Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany), embedded in paraffin, and cut into 7 µm sections. Standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E, Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) and immunofluorescence staining were performed.
Histological severity scoring was performed in a double-blinded manner using the following criteria: 0—unaffected co-culture, 1—mild injury with minor mesothelial loosening, 2—moderate injury with some mesothelial disruption, 3—severe injury with continuous mesothelial disruption and some detachment, and 4—extensive injury, massive mesothelial disruption and detachment.
For immunofluorescence staining, sections were stained as previously described [25 (link)] with primary antibodies against cellular Jun (c-Jun) (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA) diluted in blocking buffer (1:100), vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) (1:250), as well as zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) (1:1000) (Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA). After three washes in tris-buffered saline (TBS) for 10 min, slides were incubated with goat-anti rabbit Alexa Fluor-labeled secondary antibodies (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA) diluted in blocking buffer.
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2

Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Liver and Colon

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Paraffin-embedded liver sections were stained for F4/80 (anti-active macrophage) (Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom) and α-SMA (fibrosis hallmark) with immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining procedures as previously detailed[14 (link)]. Briefly, liver sections were incubated with a specific primary antibody, followed by incubation with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-linked secondary antibody (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) and 3,3’-diaminobenzidine; the sections were then scanned with the NanoZoomer Digital Pathology system. Image-Pro Plus software was used to count F4/80+ cells and quantitatively analyze the staining intensity of α-SMA as previously described[13 (link)]. Six fields of view were randomly selected in each section.
Likewise, paraffin-embedded colon sections were stained for Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) (intestinal barrier hallmark) (Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, United States) with standard immunofluorescence staining procedures as previously detailed[15 (link)]. Briefly, sections were incubated with the rabbit polyclonal ZO-1 antibody, followed by incubation with Texas Red-conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA, United States) and 4’,6-diamino-2-phenyl indole (DAPI), and images were captured using a Zeiss LSM T-PMT confocal microscope (Zeiss, Jena, Germany).
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3

Quantification of Biomarkers in Mouse Plasma

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Commercially available RE was purchased from Vitiva (Markovci, Slovenia). CA and CL were purchased from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Acetonitrile and formic acid were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Butyl paraben was purchased from Acros Organics (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). Mouse plasma was purchased from Innovative Research Inc. (Novi, MI, USA). Dextran sodium sulfate was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA). RNAlater was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–dextran (40 kDa) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sestrin 2, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) rabbit polyclonal primary antibodies were purchased from Proteintech (Rosemont, IL, USA). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-linked anti-rabbit secondary antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA).
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4

Protein Expression Analysis in Colon Samples

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Total proteins were extracted from colon sample in RIPA buffer supplemented with PMSF. After grinding and centrifugation, the supernatant was evaluated with a BCA protein assay kit, and distilled water was added to keep each sample at the same concentration. Protein samples were separated by a 6% SDS-PAGE gel and transferred onto PVDF transfer membranes. After blocking with 5% nonfat milk for 1 h at room temperature, the membranes were first incubated with primary antibodies against GAPDH (1:2000, Proteintech), Occludin (1:1000, Proteintech) and Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1, 1:1000, Proteintech) at 4°C for 12 h and then with the secondary antibody for 1 h, as described previously. The intensities of protein bands were quantified with Image-Lab software, and the values were normalized to GAPDH.
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