Sodium alginate

Manufactured by Spectrum Chemical

Sourced in United States

Sodium alginate is a naturally occurring polysaccharide derived from brown seaweed. It is a water-soluble salt that forms a viscous gel when dissolved in water. Sodium alginate is commonly used as a thickening, emulsifying, and stabilizing agent in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

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3 protocols using sodium alginate

Characterization of Bacterial Siderophores

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Tannic acid (TA, ACS reagent grade), enterobactin (derived from Escherichia coli, ≥98%), diethyl ether (ACS reagent grade, 99%), acetonitrile (HPLC grade, 99.9%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH; ACS reagent grade, 97%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, ACS reagent, 37%), sodium phosphate dibasic (Na₂HPO₄; ACS reagent grade, 99%), Gallium (III) nitrate (99.9%), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; BioReagent grade, 99.9%) were all purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI). Citric acid (99%), iron (III) sulfate pentahydrate (97%), and sodium molybdate (VI) dihydrate (99%) were purchased from Acros Organic (New Jersey, US). Sodium nitrite (lab grade, 99%) was obtained from Ward’s Science+ (Rochester, NY). Deferoxamine mesylate (DFO, 97%) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Dallas, TX). Ciprofloxacin HCl (molecular biology grade) was purchased from GoldBio (St. Louis, MO). Sodium alginate was obtained from Spectrum Chemical (New Brunswick, NJ). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH = 7.4, ionic strength = 154 mM) was prepared by diluting commercially available liquid concentrate (OmniPur® 10X PBS) purchased from EMD Millipore (Burlington, MA). BacTiter-Glo^™ microbial cell viability assay was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI). All chemicals were used as received unless otherwise noted.

Ortiz B.J., Jennings J., Gross W.S., Santos T.M., Lin T.Y., Weibel D.B, & Lynn D.M. (2021). Soft Materials that Intercept, Respond to, and Sequester Bacterial Siderophores. Chemistry of materials : a publication of the American Chemical Society, 33(13), 5401-5412.

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Alginate Interactions with Pseudomonas

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Cells were treated with sodium alginate (Spectrum Chemical, New Brunswick, NJ) at 0.2 mg/l, 0.5 mg/ml, 1.0 mg/ml, or 2.5 mg/ml or its vehicle (sterile water) for 0, 4, or 24 h in F12K media with 2% FBS at 37°C, 5% CO₂. These alginate concentrations are within ranges used in studies investigating alginate interactions with P. aeruginosa [17 (link)], as well as similar to alginate levels produced by certain mucoid P. aeruginosa strains [18 , 19 (link)]. After treatment, AM were either immediately used, or were first rinsed in PBS and then used, or were rinsed and then recovered for 24 h in full culture media and then used in efferocytosis experiments, as indicated. Alginate preparations are often contaminated with LPS due to processing conditions. Thus, to investigate the role of LPS contamination, alginate was assayed using a Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) based kit (Thermo Scientific) and compared to other alginate preparations (Pronova-Nova Matrix, Ewing, NJ), which were ultra-purified (LPS-free), as noted.

McCaslin C.A., Petrusca D.N., Poirier C., Serban K.A., Anderson G.G, & Petrache I. (2014). Impact of alginate-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa on alveolar macrophage apoptotic cell clearance. Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society, 14(1), 70-77.

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Cryopreservation-Friendly Bioink Preparation

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An amount of 2% (w/v) alginate was made by dissolving sodium alginate (Spectrum Chemical MFG Corp., New Brunswick, NJ, USA) in DMEM. Next, 1 mL of 2% sodium was mixed with 100 µL of PureCol^® EZ Gel Collagen (Advanced Biomatrix, Carlsbad, CA, USA), 100 µL of DMSO (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and 300 µL of cells suspended in Fetal Bovine Serum at 0.5 × 10⁶ cells/mL to create a 1% alginate bioink with 10% DMSO and 0.5 × 10⁶ cells/mL. A lower cell concentration than is typical for 3D bioprinting was used, as cell-to-cell contact can promote intracellular ice formation and thus increase cell death during cryopreservation [34 (link)]. The bioink was mixed using two syringes and a Leuer lock coupler at temperatures of either 25 °C or 4 °C. The bioink was then used directly after or cooled to 0 °C.

Warburton L, & Rubinsky B. (2023). Cryopreservation of 3D Bioprinted Scaffolds with Temperature-Controlled-Cryoprinting. Gels, 9(6), 502.

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