Toluene

Commercial chemicals, including lead oxide (99.0%, Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagent Factory), cesium carbonate (99.9%, Alfa Aesar), dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDOABr, ≥98%, Aldrich), oleic acid (OA, 90%, Aldrich), 1-octadecene (ODE, Aldrich) and hexanoic acid (99.5%, Aldrich), toluene (99.5%), cyclohexane (99.5%) and CDCl₃ (99.8%, Adamas) were used as received without further purification.

FA-DSPE-PEG2000 was purchased from Ruixi Chemical Reagent Co. Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ cm⁻¹) was used for all the experiments requiring an aqueous medium and was obtained from a Millipore Milli-Q purification system. Toluene and ethanol were purchased from Adamas Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Other synthetic agents, such as N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzenamine, thiadiazolo-benzotriazole and Pd(PPh₃)₄, were purchased from TCI, Sigma-Aldrich or Energy Chemical (China) and used without additional purification unless specified otherwise.

Isatin, thiophene, toluene, sulfuric
acid (98% wt), and other chemicals were purchased from Adamas Reagent
Co., Ltd. ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR spectra, 2D ¹H–¹H COSY, and NOESY NMR were recorded using an
AVANCE AV400 MHz spectrometer. The absorption spectra were measured
using a UV-756s UV spectrophotometer. The electro-chemical performance
was investigated using a CHI1660 electrochemical workstation. The
three-electrode CV system consists of glassy carbon (working electrode),
platinum wire (auxiliary electrode), and saturated calomel (reference
electrode). HRMS data were obtained by HRMS using a SYNAPT-G2-S HDMS
spectrometer. Theoretical calculations were performed using Gaussian
software.