CDC bottle assays were performed following the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [39 ]. Analytical standard lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, pirimiphos-methyl, 4,4°-DDT and bendiocarb (Pestanal Analytical standard, Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in pure acetone to diagnostic concentrations (Table 1 ). All bottles (treatment and controls) were coated with insecticides on the same day of each test. To assess insecticide susceptibility levels, up to 25 two-to-six day old non-blood-fed female mosquitoes were introduced into each bottle, with four insecticide-coated and one control bottle in total (tests with Ae. albopictus from Figueras and Llorenç del Penedes contained half the numbers).
4 4 ddt
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany
4,4°-DDT is a chemical compound used in laboratory equipment. It is a white, crystalline solid with a faint, sweet odor. 4,4°-DDT has a molecular formula of C₁₄H₉Cl₅ and a molar mass of 354.49 g/mol. The core function of this compound is as a reference standard or analytical reagent in various laboratory applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Primary secondary amine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cypermethrin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dieldrin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Anhydrous magnesium sulphate mgso4, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Endrin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Methoxychlor, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Heptachlor, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Aldrin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
4 4 dde, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
4 4 ddd, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Permethrin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Deltamethrin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Bendiocarb, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Pirimiphos methyl, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lambda cyhalothrin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lindane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Endosulfan, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Glacial acetic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
5 protocols using 4 4 ddt
1
CDC Insecticide Susceptibility Assays
2
Analytical Standards for Pesticide Residue Analysis
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Analytical standards of heptachlor, aldrin, endosulfan, dieldrin, endrin, 4,4-DDT, methoxychlor, lindane and cypermethrin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, PESTINAL brand, (Saint Louis, MO, USA), through the supplier JM Instrument and Chemical Supply, Sdn. Bhd (Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia). The purity of each of those pesticide standards was more than 98.0%. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade n-hexane (98% purity) from Thermo Fisher (Bremen, Germany), analytical-grade acetonitrile (MeCN) with 99.8% purity, methanol (98% purity), sodium chloride (NaCl) of 98% purity and anhydrous magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) with 98% purity and primary secondary amine (PSA) with a purity of 99% were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) through the supplier AS Scientific Supplies Sdn. Bhd (Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia).
3
Determination of Persistent Organic Pollutants
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Reagent-grade or pesticide-grade (α-Lindane, Hexachlorobenzene, Dimethoate, Heptachlor, aldrin, Heptachlor epoxide, chlordane, endosulfan I, profenofos, 4,4’-DDE (Dichloro-diphenyldichloroethylene), endosulfan II, 4,4’-DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane), 4,4’-DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and Methoxychlor) chemicals used in all tests were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Standard solutions (stock, composite, calibration, and surrogate (analyte) were stored at < 6 °C in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-sealed containers in the dark. Anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), n-hexane, acetonitrile (CH3CN), ethyl acetate (C₄H₈O₂), glacial acetic acid (CH₃COOH), Bondesil-primary secondary amine (PSA, 40 μm) and sodium acetate (NaCH₃COO) were supplied from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany).
4
Pesticide Extraction from Onion Matrix
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Ultrapure CO2 in cylinders with a dip tube was provided by AGA industrial gases (Lidingö, Sweden). Methanol and n-heptane of chromatographic grade were purchased from VWR BDH Chemicals (Gdańsk, Poland) and Fisher Chemicals (Loughborough, UK), respectively. Analytical grade standards including atrazine, 2,4´-DDD, 4,4´-DDT and endrin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Buchis, Switzerland). The stock solution was prepared by weighing 2.5 mg of each standard and dissolving in a small amount of ethyl acetate, and the resulting solution was diluted with methanol in a 25 mL volumetric flask and stored at −20 °C. Mixed working standard solutions, 10 mg L−1, were prepared by proper dilution of the stock solution with methanol once per week. This working solution was used during method development and validation. A 1.0 g onion sample was spiked at 500 µg kg−1 for each pesticide and air dried at room temperature for 24 h before extraction in order to achieve as much adsorption of the pesticides to the sample matrix as possible.
5
Multiresidue Pesticide Analysis Protocol
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Reference standards of 19 organochlorine pesicide Mix (alpha BHC, delta BHC, beta BHC, gama BHC, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, gama chlordane, alpha chlordane, alpha endosulfan, 4,4 DDE, dieldrin, endrin, 4,4 DDD, beta endosulfan, 4,4 DDT, endrin aldehyde, endosulfan sulphate, methoxychlor, and endrin ketone) and 2 synthetic pyrethroid pesticide (cypermethrin, fenvalerate) were obtained from SIGMA-Aldrich, Germany through SF Scientific, Dhaka. Analytical grade acetonitrile (MeCN), methanol, sodium chloride (NaCl), anhydrous magnesium sulphate (MgSO 4 ) and Primary Secondary Amine (PSA) were obtained from SIGMA-Aldrich, Germany through SF Scientific, Dhaka.
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