Reagent grade uric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, United States)2 , potassium ferricyanide (Carl Roth GmbH, Germany)3 , ferric chloride (Loba-chemie, India)4 , ultra-high purity de-ionized water (18.2MΩ.cm, Purite, United Kingdom), and whatman#1 filter paper were used in this study. The artificial urine was prepared in the laboratory (Martinez et al., 2007 (link), 2009 (link)). Images used to analyze reaction kinetics were captured using a Sony Alpha 57 DSLR camera (Sony Corp., Japan). The temperature and humidity were measured using Palmer Hygrometer (Palmer, USA). For calibration curve, the color produced on the paper surface at 25°C (room temperature) was measured at 600 dpi using a standard scanner (canon lide 120). The images were analyzed using ImageJ software (ImageJ 1.47t). ImageJ calculates the weighted average gray value within a selected section of an image which can be related to the concentration of uric acid on the activated paper (Khan and Garnier, 2014 ; Khan et al., 2015 (link)). A phoenix RSM 65 H hot plate (Phoenix instruments, Germany) was used to measure relationship between changes in color intensity with respect to temperature.
Potassium ferricyanide
Manufactured by Carl Roth
Sourced in United States, Germany
Potassium ferricyanide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula K3[Fe(CN)6]. It is a crystalline, yellow-to-orange powder that is soluble in water. Potassium ferricyanide is commonly used as a component in various analytical and laboratory applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
Ferric chloride, by Loba Chemie (1 mentions)
Neutral red, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Potassium ferrocyanide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Na2hpo4 2h2o, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Nah2po4 2h2o, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Humic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lignin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Trichloroacetic acid, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Sulfuric acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Potassium ferrocyanide, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Ypd broth, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Phosphate buffered saline tablet, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
D glucose, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Pyrrole, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
4 protocols using potassium ferricyanide
1
Colorimetric Uric Acid Detection Protocol
2
Synthesis and Characterization of Redox-Active Compounds
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Na2HPO4.2 H2O, NaH2PO4.2 H2O, NaCl and potassium ferricyanide were purchased from Carl Roth; potassium ferrocyanide, neutral red (NR) from Sigma. All chemicals had higher purity than 98% and were used without further purification. Humic acid (20 wt% ash) and lignin (alkali) were from Aldrich.
3
Antioxidant and Enzymatic Assays
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Aluminum chloride ⩾99%, Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent, potassium ferricyanide ⩾99%, trichloroacetic acid ⩾99%, ethanol and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), acetylcholinesterase from Electrophorus electricus (electric eel) (518 units/mg solid), 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) ⩾99%, acetylthiocholine iodide (AChl) ⩾99%, 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-l -alanine (l -DOPA)⩾98%, tyrosinase from mushroom (1881 units/mg solid) and all solvents were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (Sigma Aldrich, Germany), Fluka (Switzerland), Roth (Carl Roth GmbH, Germany) and distilled water was used for all the performed analyses (Millipore, Bedford, MA).
4
Electrochemical Yeast Characterization
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Potassium ferricyanide and potassium ferrocyanide (>99%) were purchased from Carl Roth; hydrogen peroxide (30%) was purchased from Riedel; sulfuric acid (98%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar; 9,10-phenantrenequinone, YPD broth, pyrrole (98%), D-(+)-glucose (99%), and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) tablets were purchased from Merck; and ethanol (98%) was purchased from Spiritus Vilnensis. Dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast was purchased from the food supplier “Dr. Oetker Lietuva”.
Briefly, 0.1 M PBS buffer was prepared by dissolving the tablet in distilled water (pH 6.8), while 0.4 M Potassium ferricyanide, 0.4 M potassium ferrocyanide, and 1 M glucose were prepared in a buffer solution. Glucose solution was left for 24 h before use for glucose molecule mutarotation. The 4 mM 9,10-phenantrenequinone (PQ) solution was prepared in ethanol.
Briefly, 0.1 M PBS buffer was prepared by dissolving the tablet in distilled water (pH 6.8), while 0.4 M Potassium ferricyanide, 0.4 M potassium ferrocyanide, and 1 M glucose were prepared in a buffer solution. Glucose solution was left for 24 h before use for glucose molecule mutarotation. The 4 mM 9,10-phenantrenequinone (PQ) solution was prepared in ethanol.
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