The total phenolic content was analyzed according to SINGLETON & ROSSI (1965) using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, and it was quantified using a standard curve for gallic acid (Concentration = [Absorbance + 0.0017]/0.0067; r = 0.9982) at 765 nm by a UV/Visible spectrophotometer (V-630, Jasco). The result was expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100g of the sample (fresh and dry weight). The total tannin content was analyzed as proposed by AOAC (2012). Aliquot of 0.05 mL of extract was diluted by 4.20 mL of distilled water. Then, 0.25 mL of Folin-Denis reagent and 0.5 mL of sodium carbonate solution (35%) were added. The mixture was incubated for 30 min at room temperature. The absorbance was measured at 760 nm, by a UV/ Vis spectrophotometer (V-630, Jasco). Tannic acid was used as the standard for the calibration curve (Concentration = [Absorbance -0.0144]/10.185; r = 0.9963). The result was expressed as mg of tannic acid equivalents (TAE)/100 g of the sample (fresh and dry weight).
V 630
Manufactured by Jasco
Sourced in Japan, United States, France, Germany, Spain
The V-630 is a UV-Vis spectrophotometer designed for accurate and reliable measurements. It features a high-performance optical system and a wide wavelength range, enabling precise absorbance and transmittance measurements.
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2100plus, by JEOL (2 mentions)
Jem 1010, by JEOL (2 mentions)
1010 transmission electron microscope, by JEOL (2 mentions)
Etc 717 controller, by Jasco (2 mentions)
Jem arm200f, by JEOL (2 mentions)
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Keithley 2400, by Tektronix (2 mentions)
Nexera x2, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
Spd m20a, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
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Zetasizer nano zs90, by Malvern Panalytical (2 mentions)
8 multi quartz micro cell array, by Jasco (2 mentions)
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Dm2500, by Leica (1 mentions)
F 4010, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
258 protocols using v 630
1
Phenolic and Tannin Content Quantification
2
Optical Characterization of SiO2@Au Nanoparticles
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The extinction spectra of the synthesized SiO2@Au nanoparticles were determined using a UV-Vis spectrometer V630 (V630, Jasco, Japan). This instrument operates with high speeds of up to 8000 nm/min and can measure wavelength ranges from 190 to 1100 nm. The images of surface morphologies of SiO2, SiO2@PEI, and SiO2@Au microspheres were observed and evaluated by a scanning electron microscope (S-4800 SEM, Hitachi, Japan) with an accelerating voltage range the electron beam in the range of 0.5 to 30kV. A DLS analytical instrument (Horiba, SZ-100Z2, Kyoto, Japan) was used to determine the size of SiO2 and SiO2@Au by measuring the intensity of the dynamic light scattering of these particles. The Raman scattering intensity was measured on a Raman spectrometer (Horiba Ihr 550, Kyoto, Japan) using a laser source with an excitation light wavelength of 532 nm and methylene blue analyte.
3
Serum Enzyme Analysis: ALT, AST, ALP, and Total Bilirubin
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A colorimetric method was used to determine the activity of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) enzymes in the collected serum [62 (link)] using kits obtained from Bio-Diagnostic (Giza, Egypt) the results were recorded and analysed using an UV-visible spectrophotometer (V630; JASCO, Tokyo, Japan) at 505 nm. Alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin (TB) in serum were estimated according to the methods described by Shephard and Peake [63 (link)] and Schmidt and Eisenburg [64 (link)] using kits obtained from Bio-Diagnostic (Giza, Egypt) and Randox (Crumlin, UK). The results were recorded and analyzed using an UV-visible spectrophotometer (V630; JASCO, Japan) at 510 and 535 nm, respectively.
4
Allicin-Loaded Gelatin Nanoparticles Synthesis
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The preparation of allicin-loaded GNPs was achieved
by using the optimized formula (stirring rate of 700 rpm, gelatin[NH2]/GA[CHO] ratio of 1:2 and 4 h cross-linking
time). Incorporation of allicin to GNPs was achieved by adding 50
mg of allicin powder to the 25 mL of purified deionized water which
was used for the redispersion of the gel-like precipitate formed after
the first desolvation step. Before the addition of allicin solution,
the solution was filtered in a 25 mL volumetric flask using a filter
paper of pore size 90 mm. Afterward, the volume of the solution was
adjusted to 25 mL. The absorbance of allicin solution was then measured
spectrophotometrically using the spectrophotometer (Jasco—V-630,
Japan) at λmax of 282.1 nm and compared to a preconstructed
calibration curve of allicin in deionized water to get the actual
amount of allicin used.
by using the optimized formula (stirring rate of 700 rpm, gelatin[NH2]/GA[CHO] ratio of 1:2 and 4 h cross-linking
time). Incorporation of allicin to GNPs was achieved by adding 50
mg of allicin powder to the 25 mL of purified deionized water which
was used for the redispersion of the gel-like precipitate formed after
the first desolvation step. Before the addition of allicin solution,
the solution was filtered in a 25 mL volumetric flask using a filter
paper of pore size 90 mm. Afterward, the volume of the solution was
adjusted to 25 mL. The absorbance of allicin solution was then measured
spectrophotometrically using the spectrophotometer (Jasco—V-630,
Japan) at λmax of 282.1 nm and compared to a preconstructed
calibration curve of allicin in deionized water to get the actual
amount of allicin used.
5
Determination of Beetroot Polyphenol Content
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For the determination of the total polyphenol content (TPC), the Folin–Ciocalteu method, which has already been used in previous studies, was applied [11 (link)]. A sample (1 mL of solution: 0.5 g beetroot powder in 10 mL of 50% (v/v) methanol/water solution) was pipetted into a 100 mL volumetric flask and was diluted with distilled water. Determinations were performed using a Jasco V630 spectrophotometer (JASCO International Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) by measuring absorbance at 765 nm. Results were expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per 100 g d.m. of beetroot powder. TPC retention in the dried beetroot juice was calculated relative to the value measured in the feed solution before drying.
6
Characterization of Oregano Nanoemulsions
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The synthesized nanoemulsions with no phase separation, demonstrating long-term stability, were taken for further analysis as described [28 (link)]. The prepared oregano nanoemulsions (OENE) were diluted in water to observe the characteristic peaks using UV-visible spectrophotometer Jasco V-630 (Jasco, Japan) with a 10-mm path length cuvette. The interior part structure of nano emulsions was characterized by optical microscopy LEICA DM2500 (Leica, Germany). The nanoemulsion droplets were kept on the glass slide and monitored through the optical microscope to determine the shape and size of the particles. The dispersion, homogeneity, and nano emulsion size were observed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) (Zetasizer NanoⓇ Model S90; Malvern Instruments, UK) to determine the polydispersity index (PDI) of nanoemulsions. All measurement calculations were performed in triplicates.
7
Monitoring AgNPs Synthesis by SPR
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Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands of AgNPs were recorded on UV–Visible spectrophotometer device (Jasco-V630, Jasco Inc., MD, USA) at different time intervals during the green synthesis process. The wavelengths range of the spectral analysis was from 300 to 700 nm.
8
Evaluating AgNPs Hemolytic Effects
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AgNPs prepared in PBS were added to the erythrocytes (at 2% hematocrit). The samples were incubated at 37 °C for 2 and 24 h, centrifuged (3000× g, 10 min, 4 °C), and their absorbance measured at 540 nm using the spectrophotometer Jasco V-630 (Jasco, Tokyo, Japan). The percentage of hemolysis was calculated using the following formula:
where A540 is the sample absorption; Awater is the positive control of RBC in water (100% release of hemoglobin).
Data were presented as percentage of hemolysis, mean ± SD, n = 4.
where A540 is the sample absorption; Awater is the positive control of RBC in water (100% release of hemoglobin).
Data were presented as percentage of hemolysis, mean ± SD, n = 4.
9
Spectroscopic Analysis of Harmalol Hydrochloride
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Absorbance spectra were measured on a Jasco V-630 double beam monochromator spectrophotometer (Jasco International Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a thermoelectrically controlled cell holder in matched quartz cells of 1 cm path length under stirring at 25±0.5°C. Steady state fluorescence measurements were performed on a Hitachi F4010 fluorescence spectrometer (Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) in fluorescence free quartz cells of 1 cm path length. The excitation wavelength for harmalol hydrochloride was 376 nm [24] . All measurements were done under conditions of stirring keeping excitation and emission band passes of 2.5 and 10 nm, respectively. The sample temperature was maintained at 25±0.5°C.
10
Quantitative Analysis of Furan Derivatives
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The optical cell density at 600 nm (OD600) was measured by a UV/Vis spectrophotometer (JASCO V‐630, JASCO International, Tokyo, Japan). In this study, an OD600 of 1.0 corresponds to 0.43 ± 0.07 g l−1 of dried P. putida S12. Glycerol was analysed by a glycerol assay kit (Sigma‐Aldrich Co. LLC, Saint Louis, MO, USA). Furan derivatives (HMF, HMF acid, FFA and FDCA) were analysed by HPLC (Jasco 4000 series) equipped with a photodiode array detector (PAD). The column used was a Zorbax Eclipse XDB‐C8 (pore size of 80 Å, Agilent), and its temperature was controlled at 25°C in a column oven. As the mobile phase, 20 mM KH2PO4 (A) and acetonitrile (B) were used at a flow rate of 1.2 ml min−1. After feeding 100% of 20 mM KH2PO4 for 1 min, the amount of acetonitrile in the eluent was gradually increased to 40% in 15 min and then kept for 1 min. Thereafter, the eluent was returned to 100% of 20 mM KH2PO4 and maintained for 10 min. Calibration curves were made with 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10, 20 and 50 mM solutions.
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