Tetralin

Commercially available Torlon® 4000T-LV and Matrimid®5218 were purchased from Solvay Advanced Polymers (Alpharetta, GA) and Huntsman, respectively. SBAD-1, DUCKY-9, and DUCKY-10 polymers were synthesized from literature procedures detailed in two previous publications^{4 ,5 (link)}. Two real crude oils (Permian and Arabian light crude oils) were provided from ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company. The experimental results of the two fractionations were published previously^{4 ,5 (link)}. All other chemicals (p-xylylene diamine, lithium nitrate, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, 1-methylpyrroldone, ethanol, methanol, hexane, toluene, toluene, Tert-butyl benzene, 1,3,5-triisopropyl benzene, n-Octane, iso-Octane, iso-cetane, methylcyclohexane, decalin, 1-methylnaphthalene, o-xylene, propyl benzene, mesitylene, n-butylcyclohexane, tetralin, bi-phenyl, dodecylbenzene, 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene, 1,3,5-Tris[(3-methylphenyl) phenylamino]benzene), methanol, and guaiacol were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Alfa Aesar, or TCI and used as received.

Some mechanically agitated groups of H. halys were found to release defensive compounds during the olfactory detection experiment. Where this occurred, representative headspace samples were taken from both diapausing (n = 8) and diapause-disrupted (n = 6) H. halys. Headspace compounds were collected using the VCT method described above, with air from the 36 ml glass tube containing three bugs being sampled for 10 min. The VOCs were extracted from VCTs using 250 μl of DCM with 200 ng/μl tetralin (Sigma-Aldrich, Australia) as an internal standard. A control blank was taken using the same apparatus and extraction technique.

CA (394-60S) was received from Eastman (Palo Alto, CA, USA). N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), solvent of CA, was delivered by Tedia Company Inc., Fairfield, OH, USA. DETA and TMC were supplied by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Different solvents for TMC were tetralin (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), toluene (Echo Chemical Co., Ltd., Taoyuan, Taiwan), hexane (Tedia Company Inc., Fairfield, OH, USA) and isopentane (Tedia Company Inc., Fairfield, OH, USA). Alcohols used for pervaporation such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and tert-butanol, were all supplied by Echo Chemical Co., Ltd. (Taoyuan, Taiwan). Liquid nitrogen and helium were bought at Yang Special Gas Co., Ltd. (Taoyuan, Taiwan).

A donor–acceptor (D-A) polymer semiconductor ink, diketopyrrolo-pyrrole-dithiophene-thienothiophene (DPP-DTT), was prepared in a 1 mg·ml-1 solution using orthodichlorobenzene as a solvent (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, United States). The DPP-DTT ink was filtered with a 0.45 μm PTFE filter and then printed inside a bank-guided rectangular area on a glass substrate using an air pulse dispenser (IMAGE MASTER 350PC, MUSASHI Engineering Inc., Tokyo, Japan) at 1 kPa dispensing pressure and 40° C plate temperature. After the ink dried, the sample was annealed for 30 min at 100° C. A small-molecule organic semiconductor ink, FlexOS (NeuDrive, Macclesfield, United Kingdom), was diluted in 10% solution using tetralin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, United States). The FlexOS ink was filtered with a 0.45 μm PTFE filter and then the ink was printed inside a bank-guided rectangular area on a glass substrate^{33 (link)}, using an air pulse dispenser at 1 kPa dispensing pressure and a 40° C platen temperature. After the ink dried, the sample was annealed for 30 min at 100° C.

Bacillus VOC collection was performed as described previously by Sarenqimuge et al. [50 (link)]. As an internal standard, 200 ng of tetralin (1,2,3,4 tetrahydronaphthalene, Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany) was added to each sample before GC–MS analysis. An aliquot of 30 µL sample was transferred to another GC vial with a glass insert and placed into the tray of the GC–MS autosampler. A 2 µL sample was injected in pulsed splitless mode for analysis. The oven temperature was retained at 40 °C for 3 min and gradually increased (8 °C/min) to a final temperature of 220 °C for 10 min. Helium was used as a carrier gas (flow rate was 1.5 mL/min). A homogenous series of n-Alkenes (C_7–20) was used to determine retention indices. The MassHunter instrument (Agilent Technologies: GC 7890B, MS 5977B, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was used for data processing; MSD ChemStation software with the NIST17 and Willey11 mass spectral libraries was used to tentatively identify bacterial VOCs by their mass spectra and retention indices. The identities of the ten bioactive compounds tested in Section 2.6 were confirmed by GC–MS analysis of commercially available standards. The VOC quantification was performed by comparing the peak areas of individual compounds to the peak area of the internal standard (tetralin). From each treatment, five replicates were analyzed, and LB without bacteria was used as a control.