Cardiac function was assessed in lightly anesthetized mice. Briefly, mice were anesthetized by 1.5% inhaled isoflurane through continuous flow of 2% oxygen for the induction of anesthesia (VetFlo Vaporizer; Kent Scientific, Torrington, CT, USA). Cardiac function was then assessed through echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound using a 40 MHz linear array transducer (MS-550D) and the Vevo 2100 imaging system (VisualSonics, Toronto, ON, Canada). As documented in our previous studies (27 (link), 32 (link)), left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was used as an index of cardiac contractile function, while mitral inflow patterns (E/A ratio) and mitral annulus velocities (E′/A′ ratio) were used to assess diastolic dysfunction. Furthermore, after mice were euthanized, the tibia length and heart weight were recorded to assess the degree of cardiac hypertrophy (33 (link)).
Ms550d
Manufactured by Fujifilm
Sourced in Canada
The MS550D is a high-performance, multi-function laboratory equipment produced by Fujifilm. It is designed for versatile applications in various research and analytical settings. The MS550D's core function is to provide precise and reliable measurements and analysis, but a detailed description while maintaining an unbiased and factual approach is not available.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Vevo 2100, by Fujifilm (34 mentions)
Vevo2100 echocardiography machine, by Fujifilm (5 mentions)
Ms 400, by Fujifilm (3 mentions)
Tail cuff plethysmograph, by Visitech (3 mentions)
Vevo 2100 high resolution imaging system, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Vevo 2100 ultrasound system, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Vevo 2100 imaging system, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Vetflo vaporizer, by Kent Scientific (1 mentions)
Model bx41, by Olympus (1 mentions)
Spr 839, by Millar (1 mentions)
Powerlab system, by ADInstruments (1 mentions)
Vevo 2100 ultrasound machine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Vevo 2100 echocardiography system, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Sildenafil citrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ms250, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Vevo 2100 high resolution imaging, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Visualsonics vevo 3100, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Vevo 2100 ultrasound, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Oxyzated tool, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Lz250, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
68 protocols using ms550d
1
Cardiac Function Assessment in Mice
2
Tendon Matrix Alignment and Density
3
Quantifying Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice
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A high‐frequency ultrasound system (Vevo 2100, Visualsonics, Toronto, Canada) equipped with a linear array transducer (MS 550D, 22‐55 MHz) was used to detect atherosclerotic lesions at the aortic sinus as described previously.24 Briefly, ApoE−/− mice were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium (1% in normal saline). Mice were placed on a heated procedural board, and their limbs were taped to ECG electrodes coated with electrode cream. A rectal thermometer was inserted to assist with maintaining normothermia (37°C internal temperature). Fur at the imaging location was shaved and warm ultrasound gel liberally applied to ensure optimal image quality. The aortic sinus was imaged and visualized in a long‐axis view. A cine loop of 100 frames was stored for later off‐line analysis. The time‐gain compensation curve was adjusted to produce a uniform intensity of echoes. The gain was set to 30 dB, and the dynamic range to 65 dB. To reduce variability, image parameters remained constant throughout the experiment. All examinations were performed by an experienced operator, and all measurements were repeated 3 times at the same site. A total of 60 aortic sinus regions of interest from 20 ApoE−/− mice (n=10 per group) were analyzed.
4
Aortic Ultrasound in Wild-type and GT-8/+ Mice
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Ultrasound imaging of the aorta of male and female wild-type and heterozygous GT-8/+ mice was performed at the age of 8 and 12 months. Females were either nulliparous or allowed to breed; number of pregnancies ranged from 1–4, average litter size was 6.4 pups). Number of animals included at 8 months of age: n = 8 wild-type males; n = 11 GT-8/+ males; n = 13 nulliparous wild-type females; n = 5 multiparous wild-type females; n = 8 nulliparous GT-8/+ females; n = 19 multiparous GT-8/+ females. Number of animals included at 12 months of age: n = 10 wild-type males; n = 12 GT-8/+ males; n = 13 nulliparous wild-type females; n = 2 multiparous wild-type females; n = 8 nulliparous GT-8/+ females: n = 14 multiparous GT-8/+ females. Ultrasound studies were performed under general anaesthesia (1–1.5% isoflurane mixed with 0.5L/min 100% O2) using a dedicated ultrasound apparatus (Vevo 2100, Visualsonics) equipped with a high-frequency linear array transducer (MS 550D, frequency 22-55MHz). Aortic dimensions were measured at the level of the sinuses of Valsalva, proximal and distal ascending aorta, transverse arch and descending thoracic aorta. Ultrasound images were analysed by one individual blinded to the genotype.
5
Quantitative Color Doppler Ultrasound
6
Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Function in Mice
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PD 15, 60 or 120 mice were placed in dorsal recumbence on a heated (37 °C) platform for echocardiography. Transthoracic echocardiographic images were obtained with Vevo 2100 High-resolution Imaging System (Visual-Sonics) using model 707B or MS-550D transducer arrays. Images were collected and stored as a digital cine loop for off-line calculations. Standard imaging planes and functional calculations were obtained according to American Society of Echocardiography guidelines. M-mode images at the level of the papillary muscles were used to determine LV stroke volume.
7
Echocardiographic Evaluation of LV Function
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At the end of the experimental period, all animals were anesthetized (with isoflurane, 2% induction and 1.5% maintenance) and examined noninvasively using an echocardiographic system equipped with a MS-550D transducer (Visual Sonics Vevo 2100 ultrasound system, Toronto, Canada). Two-dimensional guided M-mode echocardiography was performed to evaluate the LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), the LV end-systolic diameter (LVESD), the LV posterior wall diastolic thickness (LVPWD), the LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), and the LV end-systolic volume (LVESV). The LV fractional shortening (LVFS) and LV ejection fraction (LVEF) were calculated as: LVFS (%)=[(LVEDD–LVESD)/LVEDD]×100 and LVEF (%)=[(LVEDV–LVESV)/LVEDV]×100, as previously described [23 (link)]. All the data were averaged from 3 consecutive cycles. An experienced sonographer, blind to the study, collected the data.
8
Cardiac Assessment via High-Frequency Ultrasound
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High-frequency ultrasound assessment of cardiac structure and function was performed at baseline and 4, 8, and 12 weeks after daily liraglutide or vehicle treatment, using a Vevo 2100 (VisualSonics Inc) imaging system with a MS 550D transducer operating at 40 MHz at the shortest possible pulse length. M-Mode images of the left ventricle in the parasternal short-axis plane at the midpapillary muscle level were used to measure left ventricular wall dimensions and the internal diameters at end-diastole (LVIDd) and at end-systole (LVIDs). Left ventricular mass derived from these measurements was normalized to the body weight. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated using the cube formula (LVEF [%] = 100 × [(LVIDd3 (link) − LVIDs3 (link))/LVIDd3 (link)]). Parasternal long-axis images of the aortic arch were used to measure internal diameter and the centerline peak systolic velocity in the aortic arch just distal to the brachiocephalic artery was measured by pulsed-wave spectral Doppler tracings.
9
Splanchnic Vessel Doppler Ultrasonography
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Echo Doppler ultrasound of splanchnic vessels was carried out in each group using a dedicated apparatus (Vevo2100 Visualsonics, probe MS-550D, 22–55 MHz) equipped with heated table that allowed monitoring of heart frequency, respiratory frequency and electro-cardiography as previously reported [30 (link)]. To obtain an optimal ultrasound interface, peritoneal cavity of each rat was filled with heated sterile saline solution, to permit adequate Doppler measurements without compressing examined parenchymas. Portal vein (PV) diameter, velocity and flow were assessed immediately upstream the emergency of the first portal branch. The Hepatic Artery (HA), Pulsatility Index (PI) and Resistance Index (RI) were evaluated at the hepatic hilum, while the Splenic Artery (SA), PI and RI were measured at the splenic hilum.
10
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Murine Cardiac Function
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Echocardiographic image collection was performed using a Vevo2100 echocardiography machine (VisualSonics, Toronto, Canada) and a linear‐array 40 MHz transducer (MS‐550D). Image capture was performed in mice under general isoflurane anesthesia with heart rate maintained at 500–550 beats/min. LV systolic and diastolic measurements were captured in M‐mode from the parasternal short axis. Fraction shortening (FS) was assessed as follows: % FS = (end diastolic diameter ‐ end systolic diameter)/ (end diastolic diameter) x 100%. Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was measured and averaged in both the parasternal short axis (M‐Mode) using the tracing of the end diastolic dimension (EDD) and end systolic dimension (ESD) in the parasternal long axis: % EF = (EDD‐ESD)/EDD. Hearts were harvested at multiple endpoints depending on the study.
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