N butanol

Standards of rutin, gallic acid, hyperoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-hexoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, 3-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4-diCQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQA), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5-diCQA), and 3,4,5-tricaffeoylquinic acid were purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,4,6-tris (2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Shanghai, China). HPLC-grade mEthanol was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All other analytical-grade chemicals and reagents used in the study: Ethanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, ether, chloroform, n-butanol, mEthanol, formic acid, phenol, sulfuric acid, sodium nitrite (NaNO₂), aluminum nitrate (Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium carbonate, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), and ferric chloride were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

The HPLC grade methanol, acetonitrile, and water (Optima™ LC/MS grade) were purchased from Fisher Chemical, United States of America. Formic acid (HPLC grade) was purchased from CNW, Germany. 2-propanol (HPLC grade) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). MTBE (HPLC grade) was purchased from Adamas-beta. Ammonium acetate (HPLC grade) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). Petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol (analytical grade) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Ultrapure water was prepared using a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore Corp. Billerica, MA, United States). Analytical grade ethanol and methanol were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, China).

Glass/ITO and PEN/ITO substrates with sheet resistance of ∼15 Ω □⁻¹ were purchased from Yingkou OPV Tech New Energy CO., Ltd., Tin Tetrachloride/dichloromethane (SnCl₄/CH₂Cl₂) solution, Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO, C₂H₆OS, 99.70%), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF, C₃H₇NO, 99.80%), chlorobenzene (C₈₁H₆₈N₄O₈, 99.80%) and tBP (C₉H₁₃N, 95.00%) were attained from J&K Scientific Ltd (Beijing, China), tert-butanol, n-butanol, acetone, anhydrous ethanol, Li-TFSI (C₂F₆LiNO₄S₂, 99.95%), acetonitrile (C₂H₃N, 99.80%) and silver wires (Ag, 99.90%) were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., ammonium methyl iodide (MAI, ≥99.50%), lead iodide (PbI₂, >99.99%) and Spiro-OMeTAD (C₈₁H₆₈N₄O₈, 99.80%) were supplied by Xi’an p-OLED. All of them were used as received otherwise special specification.

Water used in this experiment was purified on a Millipore Milli-Q apparatus. HPLC grade dichloromethane, acetonitrile (CH₃CN), methanol, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), acetic acid, and all analytical grade solvents (acetone, methanol, n-Butanol etc.) were obtained from Sinopharm (Sinopharm, Shanghai, China). Sephadex LH-20, Folin-Ciocalteu reagents, acetone-d₆, deuteroxide (D₂O), Amberlite IRP-64 cation-exchange resin, cesium chloride (CsCl), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), benzylmercaptan, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-S-triazine (TPTZ), ascorbic acid (AA), and all HPLC standards were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). The mature leaves (the third pair with fully expanded and dark green) of a mangrove plant C. tagal (Rhizophoraceae Ceriops), were collected from a mangrove forest in the Dongzhai harbor (19°56′N, 110°34′E), Hainan, China. The leaves were immediately freeze-dried, ground, and stored at −20°C prior to analysis.

Black maca was purchased from a farm in Yunnan Province of New Era Health Industry (Group) Co., Ltd. Phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), bovine serum, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), and glucose‐free DMEM were purchased from Gibco Life Technologies; oleic acid (OA), palmitic acid (PA), 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, 90%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenylterazolium bromide (MTT), oil red O staining agent, trypsin, rutin standard, and macaamide standard were purchased from Sigma; fatty acid‐free bovine serum albumin (BSA) was provided by WAKO; RIPA lysate and TG, glucose assay and glycogen assay kits were procured from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute; and ethanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and n‐butanol were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. All other chemicals and solvents, all of which were of analytical grade, were obtained from China.