Linear accelerator

Manufactured by Elekta

Sourced in Sweden, United Kingdom, Canada

A linear accelerator is a type of medical device used to deliver high-energy radiation for the treatment of cancer. It accelerates charged particles, typically electrons, and directs the resulting beam of radiation towards the tumor or target area in the patient's body.

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Lab products found in correlation

Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Nanozoomer digital pathological section scanner, by Hamamatsu Photonics (2 mentions) Inverted phase contrast microscope, by Olympus (2 mentions) Micro pet ct system, by Siemens (2 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Pentacam, by Oculus (1 mentions) Optical microscope, by Nikon (1 mentions) Histotome, by Leica camera (1 mentions) Pbs buffer, by Beyotime (1 mentions) Glutamine, by Beyotime (1 mentions) Nci h2170, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions) Nci h226, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions) Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin, by Beyotime (1 mentions) Microselectron hdr, by Elekta (1 mentions) Theratron 780c, by Best Theratronics (1 mentions) Apoptosis detection kit, by BD (1 mentions) Dmem high glucose medium, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Cell cycle analysis kit, by Beyotime (1 mentions) Ow cytometer, by BD (1 mentions)

34 protocols using linear accelerator

Chemoradiation for Cervical Cancer

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Arm I (standard arm) received EBRT to a dose of 50 Gy in 27 fractions. It was delivered using four field box technique after simulation by Theratron 780C ( Best Theratronics, Ottava, Canada) or by 6MV/15 MV photon by Linear accelerator (Elekta Medical Systems, Crawley, UK) in five and half weeks. ICBT was given after one week of completion of EBRT by Microselectron HDR (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden) . A total of 21 Gy in 3 fractions one week apart was given to point A. Cisplatin was administered concurrently every week at a dose of 40mg/m 2 during the course of EBRT.
Arm II (study arm) received EBRT to a dose of 50 Gy in 27 fractions. It was delivered using four field box technique after simulation by Theratron 780C (Best Theratronics, Ottava Canada) or by 6MV/15 MV photon by Linear accelerator (Elekta Medical Systems Crawley, UK).in five and half weeks. ICBT was delivered after 40 Gy of external radiation by HDR Microselectron to point A. Patients received three sessions of ICBT on day 23, 30 and 37. A total of 21Gy in 3 fractions one week apart was given to point A. Cisplatin 20 mg/m 2 body surface area/ day was administered from D1-5 and D24-28. EBRT was not delivered on the day of brachytherapy.

Pathy S., Kumar L., Pandey R.M., Upadhyay A., Roy S., Dadhwal V., Madan R, & Chander S. (2015). Impact of Treatment Time on Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Cervical Carcinoma. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 16(12).

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SABR for Oligometastatic Cancer: Protocol

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Before start of SABR, all patients underwent a CT-scan of the tumour and surrounding tissues, and in patients with bone metastasis a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-scan was also performed, for target definition of the detected lesions. A vacuum matrass was used for immobilization purposes during treatment preparation and radiation therapy.
The gross tumour volume (GTV) was considered as the CTV. For bone lesions the GTV was expanded with 2 mm to 6 mm to obtain the PTV depending on the location (and thereby the variability due to movement) of the metastasis. For lymph node metastases a margin from GTV to PTV of 3 mm or 5 mm was used (depending on the expected mobility of the lesion).
The SABR dose and fractionation scheme for lymph nodes was 5 × 10 Gy (biological equivalent dose (BED) 235 Gy, α/β = 2.7 [11] (link)) and for bone metastases 3 × 14 Gy (BED 260 Gy) (in case of costal lesions 5 × 10 Gy, BED 235 Gy). However, protocol exceptions were made upon the physician’s discretion for 5 patients (proximity of an adjacent bowel loop (n = 1), location at narrow part of os ischium (n = 1), overlap with previous radiotherapy field (n = 1), favourable location (n = 1), unknown (n = 1)).
Radiation therapy was performed using external beam radiation with a linear accelerator (Elekta, Sweden). The technique used was volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT).

Deijen C.L., Vrijenhoek G.L., Schaake E.E., Vogel W.V., Moonen L.M., Pos F.J., van der Poel H.G, & Borst G.R. (2021). PSMA-11-PET/CT versus choline-PET/CT to guide stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for androgen deprivation therapy deferral in patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer. Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology, 30, 1-6.

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X-ray Irradiation of Cell Cultures

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The cell culture dishes were sealed with parafilm and irradiated by a 6MV X-ray beam at a dose rate of 400cGy/min for a total dose of 0–10Gy using a linear accelerator (Elekta) from a distance of 100cm (SSD=100cm) [23] (link).

Zhou J., Wei Z., Yang C., Jia D., Pan B., Zeng Y., Sun D, & Yu Y. (2023). APE1 promotes radiation resistance against radiation-induced pyroptosis by inhibiting the STING pathway in lung adenocarcinoma. Translational Oncology, 36, 101749.

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Lens Opacity Changes in Head and Neck Cancer Radiation

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In this experimental study, 14 patients with head and neck cancers were considered. Inclusion criteria consisted of a primary malignancy in head and neck region needing to receive radiation therapy as primary or complementary treatment. All patients were enrolled with personal satisfaction.
Both eyes of the patients were examined using Pentacam (Oculus-Germany) to measure the maximum opacity of the lens of the eye at a point; (measuring the average opacity caused by radiation, over a period of more than 6 months after completion of radiation therapy can be significant, so the maximum opacity in the lens of the eye was measured at one point). CT-scan (Toshiba, Japan) for all patients was done before treatment planning with 120 KVp, 200 mA and 4- mm slice thickness. Patients were immobilized with thermoplastic masks during imaging. CT data of each patient was transferred to treatment planning software (Isogray, DosiSoft, France), and treatment planning in head and neck region was performed on tumor volume. The eye lenses were identified and planned as healthy organs at risk. Radiation therapy was done as three dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) method, and irradiations to tumor site were done by technique using a linear accelerator (ELEKTA, England).

Arefpour A.M., Bahrami M., Haghparast A., Khoshgard K., Aryaei Tabar H, & Farshchian N. (2021). Evaluating Dose-response of Cataract Induction in Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Cancers Patients. Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering, 11(1), 9-16.

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Combinational Therapy for Tumor Treatment

Cited 1 time

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The number of tumor-bearing mice in each group was determined based on a combination of literature and statistics (17 (link)). Tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, including the control group (n=12), where mice received intragastric normal saline from days 1–7 after enrollment at a rate of 0.1 mL/day. Mice in the RT alone group (n=12) underwent RT on day 7 after enrollment at a radiation dose Dt=8 gray (Gy)/1 fraction (F). Mice in the third group, namely, the cisplatin (DDPs) combination RT group (DDPs + RT group; n=12) were intraperitoneally injected once on day 6 after enrollment (DDPs 5 mg/kg), and received RT on day 7 (Dt=8 Gy/1 F). The fourth group was the APA (molecular formula: C₂₄H₂₃N_5O.CH₄SO₃; molecular weight: 493.58. 250 mg/tablet; Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China) combined with RT group (APA + RT group; n=12). First, APA solution was dissolved in sterile normal saline (concentration: 40 mg/mL). Next, intragastric administration was conducted from days 1 to 7 after enrollment at 200 mg/kg/day, and a radiation dose Dt=8 Gy/1 F was administered 2 hours after completion of intragastric administration on day 7. The RT equipment included a linear accelerator (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden), with an energy of 6 MV X-ray, and a distance of l00 cm from the skin. The research design and route are shown in Figure 1.

Wang Y., Zhang L., Liu W., Yang J.P., Peng H.J, & Zhang J.W. (2022). Apatinib enhances the antitumor effects of radiation in HeLa cell line mouse model of invasive cervical cancer. Annals of Translational Medicine, 10(8), 459.

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HMGB1 Modulates Radiosensitivity in ESCC

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All mouse experiments were conducted according to the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Mouse were obtained from and housed in the Medical Experimental Animal Center (Xi’an Jiaotong University, China).
To establish the ESCC xenograft model, TE-1 cells (1 × 10⁷) were injected subcutaneously into the back of each BALB/c nude mouse (male, 4-week old). To explore the role of HMGB1 in radiosensitivity in vivo, three groups were designed: (1) Control shRNA, (2) HMGB1 shRNA, (3) IR plus control shRNA and (4) IR plus HMGB1 shRNA. The IR groups received 2 Gy X-ray IR by linear accelerator (Elekta Instruments, Inc., Stockholm, Sweden) for five consecutive days. The IR treatment was started nine days after transplantation. The length (a) and width (b) of the tumor were measured and recorded every three days and the volume was calculated using the formula V = ab²/2. After 15 days, mice were sacrificed and tumors were stripped and weighed. The procedures of the study were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Health Science Center of Xi’an Jiaotong University.

Ma H., Zheng S., Zhang X., Gong T., Lv X., Fu S., Zhang S., Yin X., Hao J., Shan C, & Huang S. (2019). High mobility group box 1 promotes radioresistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines by modulating autophagy. Cell Death & Disease, 10(2), 136.

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Determining Minimum Lethal Dose for GBM Cells

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Radiation of cells was performed at a dose rate of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 Gy/min with 6 mV Xray Irradiator using a Linear Accelerator, Elekta synergy. The growth of GBM cells was observed by an optical microscope (Nikon) and the OD value were then detected by CCK8 assay to determine the minimum lethal dose (MLD) of radiation.

Zhu G.D., Yu J., Sun Z.Y., Chen Y., Zheng H.M., Lin M.L., Ou-yang S., Liu G.L., Zhang J.W, & Shao F.M. (2021). Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening identifies CARHSP1 responsible for radiation resistance in glioblastoma. Cell Death & Disease, 12(8), 724.

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Radiobiological Effects on NPC Cell Lines

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All cell lines were purchased from the Shanghai Cell Biology Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. The NPC cell lines CNE1, CNE2, SUNE1, 6-10B and 5-8F were cultured in DMEM medium (Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Hyclone) and 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, Langley, OK, USA). The cells were cultured in humidified air with 5% CO₂ at 37°C. The cells were then irradiated at the indicated doses using 250 kV orthovoltage X-rays and a linear accelerator (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden).

Zhang G., Wang W., Yao C., Zhang S., Liang L., Han M., Ren J., Qi X., Zhang X., Wang S, & Li L. (2017). Radiation-resistant cancer stem-like cell properties are regulated by PTEN through the activity of nuclear β-catenin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget, 8(43), 74661-74672.

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Traditional Chinese Herb Formulation TXYF

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TXYF was prepared with Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, and Radix Saposhnikoviae, which were purchased from the Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and composed in 6 : 4 : 3 : 2 proportions. Raw components were soaked in a 10 times volume of distilled water for 0.5 h and boiled twice, first for 1.5 h and then for 1 h. Two of the boiled ingredients were filtered, mixed together, and concentrated in a 1 : 1 ratio (100% concentration) and stored at 4°C for later use. TXYF was diluted in distilled water to a concentration of 4.92 g/mL and stored at room temperature before use.
The following reagents were used: glutamine (ST083; Beyotime Biotechnology, China), PBS buffer (C0221A; Beyotime Biotechnology, China), and distilled water (GB19298; Watsons, China). The following instruments were used: linear accelerator (Elekta, Sweden), light microscope (Nikon, Japan), and histotome (LEICA, Germany).

Yang C., Yang J., Xia M., Wei J., Jiao Y, & Zhan Q. (2020). Efficacy of Compound Herbal Medicine Tong-Xie-Yao-Fang for Acute Radiation Enteritis and Its Potential Mechanisms: Evidence from Transcriptome Analysis. BioMed Research International, 2020, 5481653.

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Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treatment

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Human lung squamous cell carcinoma NCI-H2170 and NCI-H226 cells were obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and maintained in DMEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; GIBCO, Waltham, MA, USA) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) at 37°C in a 5% CO₂ incubator. Chidamide (BioVision, Milpitas, CA, USA) was diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China). Cells were exposed to 300 nM of chidamide for 24 h or/and 6 MV X-ray radiation using a linear accelerator (Elekta; Stockholm, Sweden) at single doses of 0, 1, 2, and 4 Gy.

Huang X., Bi N., Wang J., Ren H., Pan D., Lu X, & Wang L. (2021). Chidamide and Radiotherapy Synergistically Induce Cell Apoptosis and Suppress Tumor Growth and Cancer Stemness by Regulating the MiR-375-EIF4G3 Axis in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Journal of Oncology, 2021, 4936207.

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