Sch B, phenobarbital sodium, and carbamazepine were provided by the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Phenacetin, paracetamol, tolbutamide, 4-hydroxytolbutamide, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, chlorzoxazone, 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone, midazolam, 1-hydroxymidazolam, and β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Mice liver microsomes and human liver microsomes were purchased from the Research Institute for Liver Diseases Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). LC–MS grade methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). All other regents were of analytical grade.
4 hydroxytolbutamide
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
4-hydroxytolbutamide is a chemical compound used in laboratory research. It is a metabolite of the diabetes medication tolbutamide. 4-hydroxytolbutamide can be used as a reference standard or analytical tool in experiments and analyses.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Tolbutamide, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Dextromethorphan, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Dextrorphan, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Phenacetin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Chlorzoxazone, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
6 hydroxychlorzoxazone, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Midazolam, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
1 hydroxymidazolam, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Coumarin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Paracetamol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Carbamazepine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ketoconazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
7 hydroxycoumarin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ethanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
β nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate nadph, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lc ms grade methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Bupropion, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
S mephenytoin, by BD (1 mentions)
8 protocols using 4 hydroxytolbutamide
1
In Vitro Metabolic Profiling
2
Enzyme Kinetics Profiling of HLMs
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Phenacetin, coumarin, bupropion, tolbutamide, 4-hydroxytolbutamide, dextromethorphan, chlorzoxazone, 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone, testosterone, carbamazepine, the reduced form of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), 4-methyl umbelliferone, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St, Louis, MO). Amodiaquine, S-mephenytoin and pooled HLMs (BD UltraPool HLM 150) were purchased from Corning (Woburn, MA). The manufacturer-supplied information on the HLMs regarding protein concentration, CYP content and enzyme activity. Midazolam was purchased from Bukwang Pharma Co. (Seoul, Republic of Korea). All other reagents and chemicals were of analytical or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade.
3
Quantitative Analysis of Metabolic Enzymes
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The pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs) and human recombinant enzyme used in the incubation studies were purchased from BD Gentest Co. (Woburn, MA, USA). Coumarin, 7-hydroxyCoumarin, tolbutamide, 4-hydroxytolbutamide, (S)-mephenytoin, 4′-hydroxymephenytoin, metoprolol, α-hydroxymetoprolol, midazolam maleate, 1-hydroxymidazolam, propranolol, quinidine hydrochloride, tranylcypromine, fluconazole, ticlopidine, quinidine, ketoconazole, furafylline, and diethyldithiocarbamate were purchased from Sigma Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). Formic acid, ethylic acid, ammonium formate, MgCl2, NADP+, glucose 6-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and potassium phosphate (monobic and dibaic) were chromatographic-grade chemicals purchased from Sigma Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile and methanol were of analytical grade and purchased from Sigma Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). PrimeScript® RT reagent Kit With gDNA Eraser and SYBR® Premix DimerEraser™ were purchased from Takara Biotechnology (Dalian, China). Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) was purchased from National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China).
4
Quantification of Antidiabetic Compounds
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Tolbutamide, 4-hydroxyTolbutamide, chlorpropamide, glucose 6-phosphate (G 6-P), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G 6-PDH, Type V), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) was purchased from TEDIA Company Inc. (Fairfield, USA); formic acid was obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany); ultra-pure water was purified by an EPED super purification system (Nanjing, China). The distilled water was used for the extraction and preparation of samples. Other reagents and chemicals were of analytical grade.
5
Synthesis of Dronedarone Metabolites
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Dronedarone, N-debutyl-dronedarone, propanoic acid-dronedarone, phenol-dronedarone, and C-dealkyl-dronedarone were synthesized by the Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis Entity of the Drug Disposition Domain of Sanofi (Chilly-Mazarin, France). Their chemical structures are shown in Figure 1 .
Midazolam (MDZ), 1′-hydroxy-Midazolam (1′-OH-MDZ), tolbutamide, 4-hydroxy-tolbutamide, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, phenacetin and O-deethyl-phenacetin, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-Aminobenzotriazole (ABT), ketoconazole, clorgyline, alamethicin, ethanolamine, transferrin, linoleic acid, ascorbic acid, insulin, L-arginin, and glucagon were obtained from Sigma (St Louis, MO). Ham F12 and Williams E media, L-glutamine, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), sodium pyruvate, penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from Gibco (Paisley, UK). The 1′-hydroxy-Midazolam glucuronide (Glu-O-MDZ) was synthesized by the Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis Department of Sanofi (Chilly-Mazarin, France). All other chemicals and solvents used were of analytical grade.
Midazolam (MDZ), 1′-hydroxy-Midazolam (1′-OH-MDZ), tolbutamide, 4-hydroxy-tolbutamide, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, phenacetin and O-deethyl-phenacetin, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-Aminobenzotriazole (ABT), ketoconazole, clorgyline, alamethicin, ethanolamine, transferrin, linoleic acid, ascorbic acid, insulin, L-arginin, and glucagon were obtained from Sigma (St Louis, MO). Ham F12 and Williams E media, L-glutamine, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), sodium pyruvate, penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from Gibco (Paisley, UK). The 1′-hydroxy-Midazolam glucuronide (Glu-O-MDZ) was synthesized by the Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis Department of Sanofi (Chilly-Mazarin, France). All other chemicals and solvents used were of analytical grade.
6
Quantitative Analysis of Drug Metabolites
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Briefly, 1,25(OH)2D3, ACET, acetaminophen glucuronide (AG), BUP, hydroxybupropion (HBUP), carbamazepine (CARB), diltiazem (DIL), theophylline (THEO), TOL, 4-hydroxytolbutamide (HTOL), and uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) was purchased from Corning, Inc. (New York, NY, USA). All solvents used were of HPLC grade. The PrimeScriptTM 1st strand cDNA Synthesis Kit and SYBR® Premix Ex TaqTM II ROX plus were purchased from Takara Bio, Inc. (Shiga, Japan). Forward and reverse primers for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) experiment were synthesized by Bioneer Co. (Daejeon, Korea).
7
Comprehensive Metabolite Analysis Protocol
8
Simultaneous Quantification of Drug Metabolites
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Phenacetin (PHE), paracetamol (PAR), tolbutamide (TOL), 4-hydroxytolbutamide (OHTOL), dextromethorphan (DEXM), dextrorphan (DEXP), midazolam (MDZ), 1-hydroxymidazolam (OHMDZ), chlorzoxazone (CHL), 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone (OHCHL), β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA); carbamazepine (internal standard), phenobarbital (PB) were obtained from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Methanol and acetonitrile were high performance liquid chromatography-grate from Concord Corporation (Tianjin, China). Ultra-pure water was obtained from a Milli-Q Pluswater purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). All other regents were of analytical grade.
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