Dataquest art software

We implanted telemetry transmitters (HD-X02, Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN, USA) connected to electrodes for continuous EEG/EMG recording in mice aged between 9 and 11 weeks. The mice were anesthetized with isoflurane (induction 3–4%, maintenance 2–2.5%), and two stainless steel EEG electrodes (length of screw shaft: 2.4 mm; head diameter: 2.16 mm; shaft diameter: 1.19 mm; Plastics One, Roanoke, VA, USA) were implanted epidurally over the right frontal and parietal cortices. The electrodes were connected to the telemetry transmitter with medical-grade stainless steel wires and secured with dental cement (Kemdent, Purton, Swindon, UK). Two EMG stainless-steel leads were inserted into the neck muscles ∼ 5 mm apart and sutured in place. The telemetry transmitter was positioned in a subcutaneous pocket on the left dorsal flank. We administered analgesia during the surgery (subcutaneous injection of buprenorphine (Vetergesic) at 0.1 mg/kg and meloxicam (Metacam) at 10 mg/kg) and allowed animals to recover for at least 10 days before starting experimental protocols. We then recorded EEG/EMG signals continuously for 6–7 days using Data Sciences International hardware and Dataquest ART software (Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN, USA) with a 500 Hz export rate for downstream analysis.

One-channel video-EEG was recorded differentially between the reference (right olfactory bulb) and active (left occipital lobe) electrodes. Baseline data were continuously acquired over a period of 8 days, which included day and night cycles. Along with EEG sampled at 1000 Hz, the implanted transmitters also continuously measured core-body temperature at 200 Hz and locomotor activity at a sampling rate of 200 Hz.
All mouse cages were assigned to respective PhysioTel RPC receiver plates that transmitted data in real time from telemetry transmitters to a computer via the data exchange matrix using Dataquest ART software (Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN). The recording and seizure induction times were standardized for all groups, and the high definition videos (30 frames/sec) were time-registered with the EEG.
At the end of baseline EEG acquisition, all animals were provoked with a convulsive dose (40 mg/kg; i.p.) of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ; Sigma-Aldrich, Co., St. Louis, MO), a GABA_A receptor antagonist, to measure seizure susceptibility. Historically in our laboratory, this dose has been sufficient to induce seizure in more than 50% of healthy rodents [34 (link), 35 (link)].

Measurement of core body temperature and heart rate was performed using a radio-telemetry transmitter (TA11ETA-F10; DataSciences International, St Paul, MN, USA) and Dataquest A.R.T. 4.30 (DataSciences International) according to a method^{5 (link)}. Briefly, a radio-telemetry transmitter was implanted following the surgical procedure described by the manufacturer. After the surgery, the mice were allowed to recover for ~10 days before testing. On the test day, each mouse was placed in a separate test cage (17.5 × 10.5 × 15 cm) without a lid placed in a chemical fume hood, habituated for 10 min, and subjected to presentation of filter paper containing test compound (Fig. 1b, e and Supplementary Fig. 1).
For the restrained condition, mice were implanted with radio-telemetry probes approximately 10 days prior to the experiment, as described above. On the test day, each mouse was placed in a separate test cage (17.5 × 10.5 × 15 cm) without a lid, allowed to habituate for 10 min, and physiological parameters were analyzed for 10 min. Immediately afterward, mice were restrained in ventilated 50-ml plastic tubes (Becton Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), and physiological parameters were analyzed for 30 min (Fig. 1d, f).
Physiological parameters were automatically transmitted from the device every 10 s using Dataquest A.R.T. software (DataSciences International).

The heart rate and core temperature of mice were measured by implantable telemetry devices (ETA-F10, Data Sciences International, USA), which allows long-time continuous electrocardiography (ECG) recordings in freely moving, awake mice. Surgical procedures were as follows: After administering chloral hydrate (360 mg/kg, i.p.) to all mice for anesthesia, we removed their body hair liberally from all intended incision sites and surgically scrubbed the incision sites with 75 % alcohol. The implant body portion of the device was positioned subcutaneously along the lateral flank between the forelimb and hind limb. The biopotential leads were subcutaneously tunneled from the abdominal incision to the desired ECG electrode locations. The negative lead and the positive lead were placed at the right pectoral muscle and the left caudal rib region, respectively. All skin incisions were closed using wound clips. After surgery, all mice were kept in a warm environment until the return of normal postures and behaviors.
Biopotential signal recordings started at 08:00, ended at 18:00, and were sampled every 20 s. Each mouse received either vehicle or CNO (3 mg/kg, C2041, LKT) treatment at 09:00 (inactive period) on the following two consecutive days. Recording results were manually reviewed and then analyzed using Dataquest ART Software (Data Sciences International, USA).

For non-invasive ECG recording, the 12–16-week-old mice were anesthetized using 2.5% isoflurane in pure oxygen at a flow rate of 0.5 L/min. Mice ECG were recorded and analyzed using Powerlab8/30 and Animal Bio Amp. For telemetry ECG recording, the 12–16-week-old mice were anesthetized using 2.5% isoflurane in pure oxygen at a flow rate of 0.5 L/min. The telemetric transmitters (ETA-F10, Data Sciences International) were implanted in the neck with electrodes that were tunneled subcutaneously as previously described [26 ]. Two-hour ECGs were recorded in conscious mice before and during high K⁺ intake for two days. Recordings were analyzed using Dataquest A.R.T. Software (Data Sciences International). Mice (10–16 weeks old, body weight 25–30 g) were placed in a plastic tube restrainer and rested for more than 10 min; this step was conducted every day for a week before recording for adaptive training. Each mouse was measured over 60 times. From 13:00–15:00, SBP, DBP and MBP were measured using a noninvasive tail-cuff blood pressure monitor (MOORLAB NIBP, MOOR).

The monkeys were moved to individual monitoring cages (CyM2016; Shintoyo Seisakusho Ltd., Chiba, Japan). EEG, EOG, and EMG signals were collected via a receiver (RMC-1; Data Sciences International) and Dataquest ART software (Data Sciences International). The locomotor activity data stored by Nano-Tag were transferred to the Nano-Tag/Viewer program (Kissei Comtec Co., Ltd., Nagano, Japan) using a FeliCa reader (RC-S360; Sony Corp., Tokyo, Japan) within 1 cm of the implant. Behavior was recorded using an infrared camera (VHC-IR982W; Takenaka Engineering Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan).