Low-dose CT examinations were performed using 64-detector row CT scanner (Brilliance iCT, Philips, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) or a Siemens dual-source CT scanner (Siemens, Munich, Germany) (11 (link)). Evaluation of CT features, including consolidation, bronchial wall thickening, nodules, ground-glass attenuation, interstitial reticulation opacities, bilateral pneumonia, atelectasis, lymphadenopathy, and pleural effusion, was guided by the expert consensus according to a Delphi study on image assessment of patients with MPP (Figure 2 ) (8 (link),9 (link),12 (link)-14 (link)). Based on the relevant features of consolidation, all patients were further evaluated for the following features: the number of consolidated lung lobes, location of lobar consolidation (upper, middle, or lower right lung lobe; upper or lower left lung lobe), and the occurrence of consolidation without air bronchogram. Two chest radiologists independently assessed each patient’s CT images. Consensus reached by both parties served as the final appraisal report. Disagreements were resolved by consultation with a third chest radiologist with 12 years of experience.
Dual source ct scanner
Manufactured by Siemens
Sourced in Germany
The Dual-source CT scanner is a medical imaging device that utilizes two X-ray sources and two corresponding detectors to capture high-quality images. It is designed to provide faster scanning times and improved image quality compared to single-source CT scanners.
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Lab products found in correlation
Brilliance ict, by Philips (1 mentions)
64 lightspeed vct, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Iohexol, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Syntegra software, by Philips (1 mentions)
Iopromide, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Care dose, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Omnipaque 350, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Somatom force, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Care kv, by Siemens (1 mentions)
320 slice ct, by Toshiba (1 mentions)
Mimics software, by Materialise (1 mentions)
11 protocols using dual source ct scanner
1
Radiologic Evaluation of Multifocal Pneumonia
2
Cranial CTA for Stenosis Assessment
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All patients received cranial CTA within 48 hours of admission (Siemens Dual Source CT Scanner). Scanning was performed from the aortic arch to the top of the head. The following blood vessels were examined: carotid, internal carotid, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral, vertebral, and basilar arteries. Artery stenosis was assessed with the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators as follows: normal or mild stenosis (0–29%), moderate stenosis (30–69%), severe stenosis (70–99%), or occlusion (100%). Stenosis (%) was calculated, as follows: [1–arterial diameter at the most evident point of stenosis/arterial diameter at the site distal to stenosis]×100. The cases of moderate to severe stenosis of major vessels were assessed by experienced clinicians in the Department of Radiology and Department of Neurology based on the medical history, clinical characteristics, and imaging findings.
3
Multimodal CT imaging protocol
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CT examinations were performed using a GE 64 LightSpeed VCT and a Siemens dual-source CT scanner. A nonionic contrast agent was used for the enhancement scan (300 mgI/ml). A dollop (2.5 ml/kg) of contrast agent was injected through a forearm vein at a rate of 3 ml/s using a high-pressure syringe. Arterial (delay 22-30 seconds), venous (delay 50-55 seconds), delayed (delay 180 seconds), and continuous spiral scans (delay 6-8 seconds) were acquired at 8 mm layer thickness, 120 kV tube voltage, 280 mA beam current, and 0.5 sec/revolution. Images are stored in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format in the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS). The extraction and analysis of radiomic features are described in the Supplementary Material.
4
Dual-Source CT Contrast Angiography
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Patients were fixed in supine position and both hands were placed on a headrest. Dual Source CT scanner (Siemens AG, Munich, Germany) was used for scanning. Non-ionic iodine contrast agent iohexol (300 mg I/ml; Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany) was injected (3.0 ml/sec) into the elbow vein of patients as a dose of 1.5 ml/kg. Dynamic enhanced scanning was performed at sub-arterial phase (20–30 sec after injection of iohexol), intravenous phase (60–70 sec after injection of iohexol) and balance phase (150–240 sec after injection of iohexol). All images were sent to the workstation.
5
Dual-Source CT Imaging for Spinal and Skeletal Analysis
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The patients were instructed to put their hands on both sides of the pillow, and they were placed in the supine position and scanned with a dual-source CT scanner (Siemens AG, Munich, Germany) (thickness, 3.0 mm; layer distance, 3.0 mm). The scanning sites were the chest and upper abdomen, ranging from the chest entrance down to the lower pole of the kidney. The scanned images were transmitted to the workstation. Two senior imaging physicians applied Syntegra software (Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, USA) for image fusion, target area delineation and lesion length calculation based on spinal imaging, skeletal structure and localized CT images.
6
Coronary CT Angiography with AccuiFRct
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CCTA was performed with a dual-source CT scanner (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany). During the scanning, 50–70 mL contrast agent (Iopromide, 370 mg I/mL; Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) was administrated through intravenous injection (4.5 mL/s), followed by rinsing with 40 mL saline. The retrospective electrocardiography (ECG)-gated spiral scanning was used. Scanning parameters included: detector collimation (32 × 0.6 mm) combined with z-flying focal spot technology, gantry rotation time of 330 ms, tube voltage of 120 kVp, tube current of 400 mAs, and a craniocaudal scan direction. The CCTA data were proceeded in the Central AccuiFRct Core Laboratory of ArteryFlow Technology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China) for subsequent AccuiFRct calculation and analysis.
7
Prospective ECG-Triggered Low-Dose CT for Coronary Calcium Scoring
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Patients underwent an unenhanced prospectively ECG-triggered low-dose sequential CT scan of the heart for coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring and a contrastenhanced prospective ECG-triggered CT scan during inspiration breath hold. 15 Patients were imaged with either a SOMATOM Force (Siemens Medical Solutions) or a dual-source CT scanner (Siemens Medical Solutions). Patients typically received metoprolol 100 mg orally at least 1 hour before the study. Metoprolol was administrated intravenously before the examination if heart rate was >65 beats/min, and 400 μg nitroglycerin was administrated sublingually to obtain optimal image quality if blood pressure allowed. 15 Automatic exposure control was active, allowing automatic adjustment of tube voltage (CAREkV; Siemens) and tube current (CAREdose; Siemens). Tube voltage (100-120 kV) and current (500-700 mA) were further adjusted by technologists as needed. Iohexol (omnipaque 350; GE Healthcare) was injected through an 18-gauge intravenous catheter in the antecubital vein followed by 50 mL of saline solution. Contrast media volume (80-100 mL) and flow rate (4-6 mL/s) were adapted to body surface area. 16 16. Pazhenkottil, AP • Husmann, L • Buechel, RR ...
8
Abdominal CT Angiography Scanning Protocol
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Aortic CTA or abdominal enhanced CT examination was performed with the GE64 (GE Healthcare Waukesha, WI) or Siemens dual-source CT scanner (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Forchheim, Germany). The scanning was conducted with the patient being placed in the supine position and the scanning range being from the diaphragm to below the lower branch of pubis. The contrast agent was injected with a high-pressure syringe at a speed of about 4 mL/s and a dose of about 50 mL. The contrast agent is iohexol, a nonionic contrast agent. The breath was held at the end of a single breath, and the scanning lasted about 4 to 7 seconds. It adopted nonelectrocardiogram switching and automatic trigger scanning technology. The scanning parameters were tube current 200 to 300 mAs/revolution, tube voltage 120 KV, collimation 128 × 0.625, pitch 0.16 to 0.2, rotation time 270 to 330 ms, matrix 512 × 512, and display field 350 mm.
9
3D Printing of Femoral Prosthesis from CT Scans
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The CT scans were performed on a Toshiba 320 slice CT (Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan) and a Siemens dual-source CT scanner (Siemens Corp., Berlin, Germany), with a thickness of 0.625 mm, along the long axis of the body. The tube current was 200 mA and the voltage 120 kV. The pixel resolution, window width, and position of the CT image were 512×512, 1,800 and 600, respectively. The DICOM format images were saved in a Toshiba and Simens CT working station (version 10.0; Siemens Corp.), and subsequently exported into the JPG format. Also, the ACDSee software was used to convert the images into the BMP format, which could be read by the Mimics software (version 15.0; Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). The Mimics 15.0 program was used to convert CT data, and 3D STL files (Fig. 1 ). The magnetic coil of the 3D printing machine was operated to control the high-energy electron beam to scan the metal powder in the working chamber of the equipment. Titanium alloy powder was melted according to the digital information of the femoral prosthesis to form the linear and planar metal layer by layer, until the entire portion of hip was completed (Fig. 2 ).
10
Nasal Airflow Simulation with N95 Respirator
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A high-resolution Computed Tomography (CT) scan of a healthy 25-year-old female with no history of previous sinonasal pathology, trauma or surgery, and no anatomical abnormalities was used to create the nasal airway computational model. A Siemens Dual Source CT Scanner (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) was used for the scanning, with the following imaging parameters: 0.39 × 0.39 mm pixel size, 512 × 512 pixel image dimensions, and a slice thickness of 0.6 mm. Before the CT scan, written informed consent was obtained from the subject.
The 3D model reconstruction of the nasal airway from the CT scan was carried out using 3D Slicer® segmentation software. The paranasal sinuses do not affect the nasal airflow significantly;24,25 (link) hence, the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses were removed from the model. To mimic the effects of wearing an N95 respirator, a 3D model of an N95 model was imported into Ansys SpaceClaim®, positioned and aligned over the human face. The respirator covered the nostril, and a gap between the N95 mask and human face was considered to represent the natural leakage of a non-fully sealed respirator. Vaseline is usually used to fully seal the N95 mask;26 (link) however, this is uncommon and the respirator is not fully sealed most of the time.
The 3D model reconstruction of the nasal airway from the CT scan was carried out using 3D Slicer® segmentation software. The paranasal sinuses do not affect the nasal airflow significantly;24,25 (link) hence, the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses were removed from the model. To mimic the effects of wearing an N95 respirator, a 3D model of an N95 model was imported into Ansys SpaceClaim®, positioned and aligned over the human face. The respirator covered the nostril, and a gap between the N95 mask and human face was considered to represent the natural leakage of a non-fully sealed respirator. Vaseline is usually used to fully seal the N95 mask;26 (link) however, this is uncommon and the respirator is not fully sealed most of the time.
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