Standards of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), acrylamide, and d3-acrylamide were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO, USA). Zinc acetate, petroleum ether, formic acid, potassium hexacyanoferrate, n-hexane, petroleum ether, acetonitrile (HPLC grade), and methanol were purchased from J&K Scientific (Beijing, China).
Wheat flour (low-gluten flour, medium-gluten flour, and strong-gluten flour) were purchased from Weifang Kite Flour Co., Ltd. (Weifang, Shangdong, China). Yeast was provided by Angel Yeast Co., Ltd. (Yichang, Hubei, China). Sucrose was purchased from Guangzhou Fuzheng Donghai Food Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, Guangdong, China). Maltitol, sorbitol, and lactitol were provided by Shandong Green Construction Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Dezhou, Shangdong, China). Palm oil, soybean oil, and rapeseed oil were purchased from COFCO Corporation (Beijing, China). Shortening was obtained from Shanghai Gaofu Longhui Food Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
Wheat flour (low-gluten flour, medium-gluten flour, and strong-gluten flour) were purchased from Weifang Kite Flour Co., Ltd. (Weifang, Shangdong, China). Yeast was provided by Angel Yeast Co., Ltd. (Yichang, Hubei, China). Sucrose was purchased from Guangzhou Fuzheng Donghai Food Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, Guangdong, China). Maltitol, sorbitol, and lactitol were provided by Shandong Green Construction Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Dezhou, Shangdong, China). Palm oil, soybean oil, and rapeseed oil were purchased from COFCO Corporation (Beijing, China). Shortening was obtained from Shanghai Gaofu Longhui Food Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).