Pcm d50

Sound was recorded using a digital audio recorder (Sony PCM-D50) placed 1 meter away from the right side of the piano’s soundboard at a height of approximately 1.4 meters. A digital sound-level meter (Extech 407730), placed right beside the digital audio recorder, was used to obtain the actual sound pressure level (SPL) of the tone target. Pianists’ kinematics was collected using Nexus (version 2.6) and an 18 VICON camera motion analysis system (Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom) at a sampling rate of 150 Hz. The lid of the grand piano was closed to reduce marker occlusion during the recording of trials.

The advertisement calls of the undescribed species were recorded from the holotype specimen CIBAL20190531018 in the field on 31 May 2019 in Anlong County, Guizhou Province, China. The advertisement call of the undescribed species was recorded in the stream at ambient air temperature of 18.5 °C and air humidity of 83%. SONY PCM-D50 digital sound recorder was used to record within 30 cm of the calling individual. The sound files in wave format were resampled at 48 kHz with sampling depth 24 bits. The sonograms and waveforms were generated by WaveSurfer software (Sjöander and Beskow 2000 ) from which all parameters and characters were measured. Ambient temperature was taken by a digital hygrothermograph.

Acoustic recordings were made using a digital recorder with in-built stereo microphones (PCM-D50, Sony, China; frequency range 20–20000 Hz, 44.1 kHz/16 bit sampling resolution). The distance between the microphone and the insect was between 10 and 20 cm. Sounds were recorded in WAV file format, and sounds recorded on the left channel were used for acoustic analysis. The sounds were edited and analysed using Raven Pro 1.4 (The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA) and the Seewave package^{48 (link)}, a custom-made library of the R software platform⁴⁹ . The temporal properties of the sounds were measured from oscillograms, and the frequency parameters were obtained from spectrograms. Only high-quality sounds (low background noise, no overlap with other sounds) were included in acoustic analyses. The terminology used to describe acoustic signals follows that of Alexander^{1 (link)}. All acoustic recordings were made between 9:00 and 15:00 hours, a period that corresponded to the peak acoustic activity of this cicada species. In reporting analysis of song structure we combined data from all analysed calls from all recorded individuals. We recognise this may bias the data if some individuals have more songs analysed than others, but the broad pattern of song structure was constant across all individuals within sexes, so we anticipate that if this error exists it is small.