Carbopol 940

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Carbopol 940 is a high-molecular-weight polymer of acrylic acid that is commonly used as a thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. It is a white, fluffy, acidic powder that is insoluble in water but swells to form a viscous gel-like solution when neutralized. Carbopol 940 helps to improve the stability, texture, and consistency of the final product.

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Lab products found in correlation

Tween 80, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Triethanolamine, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Propylene glycol, by Merck Group (7 mentions) Ethanol, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Methylparaben, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Span 80, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Sodium benzoate, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Liquid paraffin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Propylparaben, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Sabouraud dextrose, by HiMedia (2 mentions) Nutrient media, by HiMedia (2 mentions) Cholesterol, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Methanol pro analysis, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Aquades, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Acetic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Methanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Potassium sorbate, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Anhydrous sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Cmc na, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Glacial acetic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

23 protocols using carbopol 940

Carbopol-based Gels with Antimicrobial Agents

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Four formulations of gels based on carbopol 940 (Merck) at 1.5% (w/w) were prepared. The formulation A contained a final AgNP concentration of 0.03 mg/g; formulation B contained a final KTZ concentration of 0.03 mg/g; formulation C contained a final AgNP and KTZ concentration of 0.03 mg/g and 0.03 mg/g, respectively. Formulation D without drugs was used as control.
Required quantity of carbopol 940 was weighed and dispersed slowly in the sterile purified water with continuous agitation. After that, the polymer was allowed to stand for 24 h until it was completely wetted. The drug corresponding to each formulation was added with continuous stirring till it was completely dispersed. Finally, the pH of the gel was adjusted to pH 7 using triethanolamine. The prepared gels were packaged under sterile conditions and stored in dark and cool place until time of use.

Mussin J.E., Roldán M.V., Rojas F., Sosa M.D., Pellegri N, & Giusiano G. (2019). Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles in combination with ketoconazole against Malassezia furfur. AMB Express, 9, 131.

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Formulation and Characterization of Baccaurea racemosa Fruit Extract

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Materials used in this research were pharmaceutical grade chemicals including ethanol 96%, Carbopol 940, triethylamine, propylene glycol, and methyl paraben (Merck, Selangor, Malaysia). Ripe fruits of
B. racemosa (L.) Spreng were collected from Desa Gampong Pulo, Bireuen Regency, Aceh, Indonesia.

Sitohang N.A., Putra E.D., Kamil H, & Musman M. (2022). Acceleration of wound healing by topical application of gel formulation of Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng kernel extract. F1000Research, 11, 191.

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Topical Formulation of NCTD

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Almond oil, Carbopol^® 940, cetyl alcohol, glycerin, glyceryl monostearate, methylparaben, propylparaben, stearic acid, triethanolamine, Tween^® 80 (polysorbate 80), and urea were all provided by Merck (Burlington, MA, USA). Eumulgin^® B1 (Ceteareth-12) was provided by BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). NCTD was provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ultrapure Milli-Q water was obtained from the purification system Ellix Essential Millipore^® (Darmstadt, Germany).

Martínez-Razo G., Pires P.C., Domínguez-López M.L., Veiga F., Vega-López A, & Paiva-Santos A.C. (2023). Norcantharidin Nanoemulsion Development, Characterization, and In Vitro Antiproliferation Effect on B16F1 Melanoma Cells. Pharmaceuticals, 16(4), 501.

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Catechin-Loaded Phospholipid Formulation

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The purified catechins were obtained at the Central Laboratory of Universitas Padjadjaran and Phospholipon G 90 was purchased from Lipoid International Phar-maceutical Industries Company, Ludwigshafen, Germany. Tween 80, Aethanol and methanol were purchased from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany. Aquades, acetic acid, Carbopol 940, methanol pro analysis, methyl paraben, propylparaben, propylene gly-col, triethanolamine (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).

Mita S.R., Abdassah M., Supratman U., Shiono Y., Rahayu D., Sopyan I, & Wilar G. (2022). Nanoparticulate System for the Transdermal Delivery of Catechin as an Antihypercholesterol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations. Pharmaceuticals, 15(9), 1142.

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Propolis-Based Topical Formulation

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Propolis was provided and authenticated by the Agricultural Research Center (Isfahan, Iran) on April 2014.
Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, quercetin, gallic acid, sodium carbonate anhydrous, carbopol 940, HPMC K4M, NaCMC, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), triethanolamine, methanol, and 96% ethanol were purchased from Merck Company (Germany).
Potassium sorbate, aluminum chloride 20%, and glacial acetic acid were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, (Steinheim, Germany).

Aslani A, & Malekpour N. (2016). Design, formulation, and physicochemical evaluation of periodontal propolis mucoadhesive gel. Dental Research Journal, 13(6), 484-493.

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Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

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The following materials and chemicals were obtained from Merck: silver nitrate (AgNO₃, Merck Pte.Ltd., Singapore), low molecular weight chitosan (deacetylation degree 75–85%, Merck Pte.Ltd., Singapore), acetone (C₃H₆O, 99.5%, Merck Pte.Ltd. Singapore), thickening agent carbopol 940 (Merck Pte.Ltd., Singapore), methyl paraben (C₈H₈O₃, Merck Pte.Ltd., Singapore), acetic acid glacial (CH₃COOH, 99%, Merck Pte.Ltd. Singapore), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, Merck Pte.Ltd., Singapore), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, Merck Pte.Ltd., Singapore). In addition, Kepok banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) peel extract, as a bioreductor, was collected from Malang, East Java, Indonesia. UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis, Shimadzu 1601 Series), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Shimadzu 8400s), dynamic light scattering (DLS, Malvern Zetasizer), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX, Hitachi TM 3000), and X-ray diffraction (XRD, PANalytical Japan) were used for the characterization of materials.

Wulandari I.O., Pebriatin B.E., Valiana V., Hadisaputra S., Ananto A.D, & Sabarudin A. (2022). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Coated by Water Soluble Chitosan and Its Potency as Non-Alcoholic Hand Sanitizer Formulation. Materials, 15(13), 4641.

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Ethosomes Vesicle Development Protocol

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Tocopherol acetate and propylene glycol was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany); Cholesterol was obtained from AppliChem GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany); Soy phosphatidylcholine 90 G were obtained from Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Carbopol-940 and Ethanol by Merck KGaA (Gernsheim, Germany). All the chemicals and materials used for ethosomes vesical development were of analytical standard. Double distilled water (ddH₂O) was used throughout the study.

Akhtar N., Akhtar N., Menaa F., Alharbi W., Alaryani F.S., Alqahtani A.M, & Ahmad F. (2022). Fabrication of Ethosomes Containing Tocopherol Acetate to Enhance Transdermal Permeation: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Characterizations. Gels, 8(6), 335.

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Cyclic RGD Peptide-PEG Nanoparticles

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Cyclo (Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Phe-Lys) (cRGDfK) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were purchased from Xi’an ruixi Biological Technology Co, Ltd (Xi’an, China). D-α-tocopheryl succinate dichloromethane (TOSD) was obtained from Shanghai ZZBIO Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), glyceryl monostearate (GMS), Carbopol 940 (CBP), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)−2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was provided by Lonza Bioscience (Walkersville, MD).

Bao H., Zheng N., Li Z, & Zhi Y. (2020). Synergistic Effect of Tangeretin and Atorvastatin for Colon Cancer Combination Therapy: Targeted Delivery of These Dual Drugs Using RGD Peptide Decorated Nanocarriers. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 14, 3057-3068.

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Antioxidant Topical Formulation Development

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Paraffin oil (Merck KGOA, Darmstadt, Germany), acetyl alcohol (St. Louis, MO, USA), span 80 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), propyl paraben (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), Tween 80 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), propylene glycol (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), methyl paraben (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), ethyl alcohol (Ethanol) (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), carbopol-940 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), triethanol amine (TEA) (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany) were used in this research work. Purified water was manufactured at the laboratory of cosmeceuticals, Department of Pharmacy, IUB, Pakistan. Rotary evaporator (Heidolph, Co., Ltd., Schwabach, Germany, Bioevopeak Inc., Seattle, WA, USA), UV spectrophotometer (Boschaplatz 3 Presseck, 95355 Germany), microplate reader Synergy HT (BioTek Instrument, Stevens Creek Blvd, Santa Clara, CA, USA), refrigerator (Dawlance, Karachi, Pakistan), hot incubator (Sanyo MIR-162, Moriguchi City, Japan), digital humidity meter (TES Electronic Corp., Taipei, Taiwan), pH meter (WTW pH-197i, Weilheim, Germany), optical microscope (Eclipse E200, Nikon, Melville, NY, USA), and conductivity meter (WTW COND-197i, Weilheim, Germany) were used.

Yousuf M., Khan H.M., Rasool F., Khan K.U., Usman F., Ghalloo B.A., Umair M., Babalghith A.O., Kamran M., Aadil R.M., Al Jaouni S.K., Selim S., Korma S.A, & Conte-Junior C.A. (2022). Chemical Profiling, Formulation Development, In Vitro Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Piper nigrum Seeds Extract Loaded Emulgel for Anti-Aging. Molecules, 27(18), 5990.

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Anise Oil-Based Antimicrobial Formulation

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Anise oil, Carbopol 940, span 80, tween 80, paraffin liquid, and triethanolamine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA, and Merck. All the reagents used in the study were analytically graded. Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) was collected from the Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj. Solvents and other chemicals were also purchased from Sigma Merck. Nutrient media and Sabouraud dextrose were purchased from HiMedia (Mumbai, India). Anise oil is composed primarily of anethole, which accounts for 80–90% of its chemical composition. Other compounds present in lesser concentrations include estragole, p-anisaldehyde, anise alcohol, acetophenone, pinene, and limonene [38 (link)].

Azam F., Alqarni M.H., Alnasser S.M., Alam P., Jawaid T., Kamal M., Khan S, & Alam A. (2023). Formulation, In Vitro and In Silico Evaluations of Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) Essential Oil Emulgel with Improved Antimicrobial Effects. Gels, 9(2), 111.

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