P dna pk

Antibodies for western blotting were purchased from Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA): p-EGFR (Tyr1068) (2234, 1:1000), EGFR (4267, 1:1000), p-MEK1/2 (Ser217/221) (9154, 1:1000), MEK1/2 (8727, 1:1000), p-p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204) (9101, 1:1000), p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) (9102, 1:1000), p-p38 MAPK (Thr180/Tyr182) (9211, 1:1000), p38 MAPK (9212, 1:1000), α-tubulin (2144, 1:2000), vimentin (3390, 1:1000), TACE (3976, 1:1000), Snail (3879, 1:1000), E-cadherin (3195, 1:1000), p-FAK (Tyr397) (3283, 1:1000), FAK (3285, 1:1000), p-STAT3 (Tyr705) (9131, 1:1000), STAT3 (9139, 1:1000), GAPDH (2118, 1:2000), β-actin (3700, 1:2000), p-DNA-PK (68716, 1:1000), DNA-PK (38168, 1:1000), PARP (9532, 1:1000), p-Histone H2A.X (Ser139) (9718, 1:1000), Histone H2A.X (2595, 1:1000), p-Chk2 (Thr68) (2197, 1:1000), Chk2 (2662, 1:1000), p53 (2524, 1:1000), caspase-7 (9492, 1:1000), caspase-3 (14220, 1:1000), AURK-A (14475, 1:1000); Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX): integrin β1/ITGB1 (sc-374429, 1:1000). Selumetinib (AZD6244, MEK1/2 inhibitor), osimertinib (AZD9291, EGFR^T790M), M3814 (DNA-PK inhibitor, DNA-PK-I) and ZM-447439 (AURK-A inhibitor, AURK-A-I), MK-4827 (PARP inhibitor, PARP-I), M4076 (ATM inhibitor, ATM-I), M6620 (ATM/ATR inhibitor, benzosertib) and M4344 (ATR inhibitor, ATR-I) were purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Selleckchem).

Liver tissues were homogenized with ice‐cold radio immunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer (Beyotime). Protein was quantified with a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit (Beyotime). Equal amounts of protein were separated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) for 2 hr and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore) for 1 hr. After blocked with 5% skim milk powder for 2 hr at room temperature, membranes were incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. The antibodies against phosphatase 1 α (PP1α), p‐DNA‐dependent protein kinase (p‐DNA‐PK), upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF1), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. After washed three times with Tris‐buffered saline (TBS) solution, membranes were incubated with corresponding secondary antibodies. Afterward, protein bands were visualized with enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL, Perkin Elmer). β‐actin was used as an internal control to assess protein loading in each lane.