Antibodies against gapdh

UA (Lot No.110742-201823) and ATS (Lot No.111530-201914) were purchased from China National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). RPMI-1640 medium was purchased from HyClone (Logan, UT, USA). Foetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin-streptomycin, and trypsin were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), Caspase-3 kit, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assay kit with JC-1 were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Haimen, Jiangsu, China). The apoptosis detection kit was purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). Antibodies against GAPDH, Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, p-mTOR were purchased from Bioworld (St. Louis Park, MN, USA).

SiO₂ particles were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Company (S5631; Billerica, MA, USA), and approximately 80% of the particles had a diameter of 1–5 μm. According to Stokes’ law, precipitation selection, acid hydrolysis, and baking were performed at 200 °C for at least 16 h. The silica sample was dissolved in normal saline and used to generate the mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. Recombinant TGF-β1 protein was purchased from Nanjing GenScript Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and used to construct a cell fibrosis model. Primary antibodies against PPP2R3A (rabbit polyclonal antibody) were purchased from Proteintech, and GREM1 antibody (rabbit polyclonal antibody) was purchased from Shanghai Shenggong Biotechnology. Antibodies against GAPDH (mouse monoclonal antibody) were obtained from Bioworld, Inc. A calcium ion fluorescence probe (Fluo-4 AM) was purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology Company (China).