Glacial acetic acid

All reagents used for sample preparation and the mobile phases were of analytical or LC-MS grade. Ultra-pure water (18.2 MΩ cm) was obtained from a Sartorius 611 arium® pro water generation system (Sartorius Lab Instruments GmbH & Co. KG, Goettingen, Germany). LC-MS grade LiChrosolv® methanol and analytical grade ammonium acetate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, U.S.).
An analytical standard (2 mg L -1 ) containing 24 PFAS with carbon chain lengths of C4-C13 perfluroalkylcarboxylic acids, C4-C10 perfluroalkylsulfonates, FOSA, N-MeFOSAA, N-EtFOSAA perflurooctanesulfon-(amide & amidoacetic acids) as well as 4:2, 6:2 and 8:2 fluorinated telomer acids was purchased from Wellington Laboratories (Guelph, Ontario, Canada). Sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, ammonium hydroxide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, Australia) and glacial acetic acid from Chem-Supply (Gillman, Australia). PTFE free sample tubes and vials made of polypropylene were used to avoid contamination [30] .

Low molecular weight chitosan (MW 50e190 kDa), sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), phosphate buffered saline (PBS) tablets, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, MW 31e50 kDa), D-a-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), L-lysine and citric acid monohydrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Glacial acetic acid, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate, disodium hydrogen orthophosphate and sodium hydroxide pellets were provided by Chem-Supply (Gillman, SA, Australia). Hydrochloric acid 37% (HCl) and hexane were sourced from RCI Labscan (Bangkok, Thailand). Methanol (MeOH) and ethyl acetate were obtained from Merck Millipore (Bayswater, VIC, Australia). Hanks buffered saline solution (HBSS) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Scorseby, VIC, Australia).
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA) 0.2% was purchased from MP Biomedicals (Seven Hills, NSW, Australia). Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (MW 45 kDa) was purchased from Hangzhou Dayangchem Co. Ltd (Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China). Fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated ovalbumin (FITC-OVA) was kindly provided by Dr Shasha Rao (University of South Australia, SA, Australia).

Amino acids (alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, glutamic acid, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine and valine) (purity ≥ 97%); amines (dimethylamine, diethylamine and ethanolamine) (purity ≥ 97%); amides (acetamide and acrylamide) (purity ≥ 97%); and aqueous sodium hypochlorite (10 -15 % chlorine) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (New South Wales, Australia). The amino acid taurine (purity 99%); was purchased from AK Scientific (California, USA); potassium iodide and formic acid (purity 99%) were purchased from Ajax FineChem (New South Wales, Australia); and glacial acetic acid was purchased from Chem Supply (South Australia, Australia). Monochlor was produced using an ion exchange system (IBIS Technology, Western Australia, Australia), followed by an Elga Purelab Ultra system with a 0.2 μm filter (Elga, High
Wycombe, UK).
The concentration of sodium hypochlorite in the standard chlorination solution was confirmed by measuring the UV absorbance at 292 nm using a Cary 60 UV-Vis spectrometer from Agilent Technologies (California, USA) with a deuterium arc lamp. A molar absorptivity of sodium hypochlorite of 350 M -1 cm -1 (Morris 1966) was assumed.

The drug of interest, ibuprofen (IBU) ($98%, GC), and internal standard flufenamic acid (ISTD) (analytical grade) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Castle Hill, Australia). Commercially available Nurofen tablets (Reckitt Benckiser, Sydney, Australia) were crushed into a uniform powder before use. The lipid, Capmul PG8 (propylene glycol caprylate), was sourced from Abitec (Columbus, OH). Glacial acetic acid (analytical grade) was purchased from Chem-Supply (Gillman, Australia). Silica nanoparticles (Aerosil 300 Pharma), with a surface area of 300 6 30 m 2 /g were donated by Evonik (Melbourne, Australia). Nanoporous silica microparticles (Parteck SLC 500), with a 9-11 mm particle size and 6 nm pore size, were donated by Merck (Bayswater, Australia). Soybean lecithin and liquid chromatography grade methanol were purchased from Merck. Heparin sodium (5000 IU/5 ml) was purchased from Pfizer (Perth, Australia). High purity Milli-Q water was acquired from a Milli-Q water purification system (Merck).