Ethanol

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany, United States, United Kingdom, Italy, India, France, China, Australia, Spain, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Brazil, Poland, Sao Tome and Principe, Singapore, Chile, Malaysia, Belgium, Macao, Mexico, Ireland, Sweden, Indonesia, Pakistan, Romania, Czechia, Denmark, Hungary, Egypt, Israel, Portugal, Taiwan, Province of China, Austria, Thailand

Ethanol is a clear, colorless liquid chemical compound commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a key component in various scientific applications, serving as a solvent, disinfectant, and fuel source. Ethanol has a molecular formula of C2H6O and a range of industrial and research uses.

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Lab products found in correlation

Methanol, by Merck Group (1006 mentions) Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (590 mentions) Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (583 mentions) Acetone, by Merck Group (496 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (481 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (393 mentions) Chloroform, by Merck Group (393 mentions) Acetic acid, by Merck Group (339 mentions) Gallic acid, by Merck Group (291 mentions) Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (241 mentions) Formic acid, by Merck Group (239 mentions) Ethyl acetate, by Merck Group (194 mentions) Sulfuric acid, by Merck Group (190 mentions) Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (189 mentions) Toluene, by Merck Group (180 mentions) 2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (179 mentions) Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (172 mentions) N hexane, by Merck Group (167 mentions) Quercetin, by Merck Group (157 mentions) Hexane, by Merck Group (147 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

2-(diethylamino)-ethanol (2 citations) Ethanol and methanol (11 citations) Ethanol for spectroscopy (2 citations) Ethanol 95% (14 citations) Ethanol 96%vol. (2 citations) HPLC-grade ethanol (90 citations) Ethanol absolute for analysis (10 citations) Anhydrous ethanol (124 citations) Ethanol (LC/MS grade) (3 citations) Ethanol:ethylacetate (2 citations)

4 825 protocols using ethanol

Solvent Extraction and SPME Analysis

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The solvents used were acetonitrile ≥99.9% v/v (Fisher Scientific, Glee, Belgium), m ethanol ≥99.9% v/v, hexane ≥95% v/v, ethanol ≥99.9% v/v, and chloroform ≥99.9% v/v (Sigma-Aldrich, Bellefonte, PA, USA). Deionized water (DI) was purified through a Milli-Q Biocel system (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).
Various combinations of mixed solvents were prepared and used, such as acetonitrile and ethanol (1:1 v/v), acetonitrile and water (1:1 v/v), ethanol and water (1:1 v/v), and acetonitrile and ethanol and water (2:2:1 v/v/v).
Individual external standards were purchased from Merck-Sigma Aldrich Co. and included palmitic acid ≥99% w/w, linolenic acid ≥99% w/w, linoleic acid ≥99% w/w, oleic acid ≥99% w/w, arachidic acid ≥99% w/w, cholesterol ≥99% w/w, p-benzoquinone ≥98% w/w, 2-methyl-p-benzoquinone ≥98% w/w and 1-pentadecene ≥98% v/v. In addition, n-alkane standard C7–C40 (1000 mg/mL in hexane) was purchased from (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA).
The 50/30 µm divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) SPME fiber with a 2 cm coating was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich, Bellefonte, PA, USA. Prior to use, the fiber was activated according to the manufacturer’s recommendations by exposing the fiber’s coating to 270 °C for half an hour.

Alnajim I., Du X., Lee B., Agarwal M., Liu T, & Ren Y. (2019). New Method of Analysis of Lipids in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) Insects by Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) Coupled with GC–MS. Insects, 10(10), 363.

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DNA Extraction from Fresh and FFPE Tissues

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To extract the DNA from fresh and FFPE tissues, 250 mg of fresh tissue from Dog 1 and serial sections (in total 40 µm) of the FFPE blocks from Dog 2 were obtained. For the FFPE tissues, the de-paraffinization process was performed by repeated washes with non-xylene (Muto Chemical) and 99% ethanol (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) as previously described [32 (link)]. The DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) was used. Following the manufacturers’ protocols, both the fresh and FFPE tissues were digested with proteinase K (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) in ATL buffer (Qiagen) at 56 °C for 14–16 h. The samples from FFPE tissue were treated for another 1 h at 90 °C to eradicate modifications on the DNA from the formaldehyde. Then, both samples were mixed with AL buffer (Qiagen) and 99% ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich). The supernatant was transferred into the DNA-binding column and briefly centrifuged to empty the column. Following the washing procedures with AW1 buffer (Qiagen) and AW2 buffer (Qiagen) and a brief drying centrifuge, the DNA from both samples was eluted with 50 µL of PCR-grade water. The DNA samples were stored at −20 °C until use.

Chang C.Y., Yamashita-Kawanishi N., Tomizawa S., Liu I.L., Chen W.T., Chang Y.C., Huang W.H., Tsai P.S., Shirota K., Chambers J.K., Uchida K., Haga T, & Chang H.W. (2020). Whole Genomic Analysis and Comparison of Two Canine Papillomavirus Type 9 Strains in Malignant and Benign Skin Lesions. Viruses, 12(7), 736.

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Optimized Plant Extract Preparation

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To prepare plant extract, leaves and raw fruits were first surface sterilized with distilled water followed by 70% ethanol (Merck Ltd) for removal of dust and unwanted particles. Seeds were obtained from raw fruits by removing the pulp and sterilized with 70% ethanol (Merck, Ltd). Sterilized plant material (leaves and seeds) were sun-dried and then powdered with mechanical grinder. For extraction, soxhlet method was opted, were methanol (Fisher Scientific, Ltd) served as a solvent. For each plant, different conditions such as ratio of solvent (ml): plant material (g) and time were optimized. Extracted samples were further concentrated using Rota-evaporator (Rotavac Heidolph).

Basera P., Lavania M., Agnihotri A, & Lal B. (2019). Analytical Investigation of Cymbopogon citratus and Exploiting the Potential of Developed Silver Nanoparticle Against the Dominating Species of Pathogenic Bacteria. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 282.

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Fluorescent Staining of Degenerating Neurons

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FJC staining was performed to identify degenerating neurons as previously described (Yu et al., 2018 (link)). According to the instruction of modified FJC ready-to-dilute staining kit (TR-100-FJ, Biosensis, Thebarton, South Australia), slides were incubated in mixture of sodium hydroxide (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 70% ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 5 min, followed by washing in 70% ethanol for 2 min and in distilled water for 2 min. Subsequently, slides were incubated in 0.06% potassium permanganate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) solution for 10 min, followed by rinsing in distilled water for 2 min. Slides then were incubated in 0.0001% FJC (MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA) for 10 min, adding 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, 10236276001, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and protecting from light. Slides were then rinsed (1 min x 3) in distilled water. After dried at 50–60°C for 5 min, slides were cleared by immersing in xylene for 1 min and added coverslips with DPX mountant. The slides were visualized in blinded strategy with fluorescence microscope Leica DMi8. FJC-positive neurons (cells/mm²) were calculated in three sections per slice.

Zheng W., Matei N., Pang J., Luo X., Song Z., Tang J, & Zhang J.H. (2019). Delayed recanalization at 3 days after permanent MCAO attenuates neuronal apoptosis through FGF21/FGFR1/PI3K/Caspase-3 pathway in rats. Experimental neurology, 320, 113007.

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Extraction of Circulating miRNAs from Serum

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Circulating miRNAs were extracted from 200 μl of serum using an miRNeasy serum/plasma kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Briefly, serum samples were lysed with 1 ml of Qiazol and spiked with 3.5 μl of synthetic cel-miR-39 mimic (1.6 × 10⁸ copies/μl; Qiagen) to test extraction efficiency. Chloroform (200 μl) was used for phase separation at 4 °C and 10,000 rpm. The aqueous phase (600 μl) was added to 900 μl of 100% ethanol (Merck Millipore, MA, USA) and subsequently transferred into an RNeasy MiniElute spin column. These columns were washed with RWT buffer, RPE buffer, and 80% ethanol (Merck Millipore). All samples were eluted in 14 μl of RNase-free water.

Kim K.H., Kim E.Y., Kim G.J., Ko J.J., Cha K.Y., Koong M.K, & Lee K.A. (2020). Human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells stimulate ovarian function via miR-145 and bone morphogenetic protein signaling in aged rats. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 11, 472.

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Erythrocyte Deformability in OSA

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Erythrocytes from OSA patients and control participants were incubated with either 5.4 mmol•L -1 of the oxidant t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) diluted in ethanol (Sigma Aldrich, St Quentin-Fallavier, France) (TBHP condition) or with ethanol alone (sham condition) for 10 min at 23°C [11] . Erythrocytes were then resuspended in autologous plasma at a standard haematocrit of 40% prior to erythrocyte deformability and aggregation measurements.

Waltz X., Beaudin A.E., Belaidi E., Raneri J., Pépin J.L., Pialoux V., Hanly P.J., Verges S, & Poulin M.J. (2021). Impact of obstructive sleep apnoea and intermittent hypoxia on blood rheology: a translational study. The European respiratory journal, 58(4).

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Disinfectant solutions preparation

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Benzalkonium chloride (MP Biomedicals), hydrogen peroxide (Macron), peracetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), sodium hypochlorite (Sigma-Aldrich), glutaraldehyde (Amresco), chlorhexidine (Aldrich), chlorhexidine gluconate (Spectrum), and povidone-iodine (Sigma) stock solutions were prepared by dilution in sterile, demineralized water. Chlorophene (Aldrich) stock solution was prepared by dilution in ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich). All solutions, including ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich) and isopropanol (Spectrum), were sterilized with 0.22 μm filters and kept at 4°C. Working solutions were prepared daily by further dilutions in sterile, demineralized water.

Merchel Piovesan Pereira B., Wang X, & Tagkopoulos I. (2021). Biocide-Induced Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 640923.

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Hookworm Egg Inactivation Assay

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The following laboratory chemicals were tested: 10% formalin (Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, MO), 5% potassium dichromate (Sigma-Aldrich Co, St. Louis, MO), Total-fix (Medical Chemical Corporation, Torrance, CA), zinc sulfate-polyvinyl alcohol (zinc-PVA; Medical Chemical Corporation, Torrance, CA), 70% ethanol and 95% ethanol (Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, MO). Inactivation assays were similar to the disinfectant studies, except that the egg concentrates were exposed to each fixative for 24 h, 48 h and 4 weeks at room temperature in 15 ml tubes. For hookworm eggs, the exposure took place in transwell membrane filter cups placed in the wells of a 24-well plate to avoid centrifugation. Egg concentrates were then washed and incubated in the 24-well plates as described for the disinfectant study. Assays were performed in triplicate, except in some cases where limited sample availability forced fewer replicates. Due to apparent loss of hookworm eggs in some treatments, inclusion criteria for the A. caninum fixative experiments differed: replicates were included if living eggs or larvae were observed in the water control, and at least 50 individual eggs or larvae could be counted in four or more fixative treatments.

Kines K.J., Fox M., Ndubuisi M., Verocai G.G., Cama V, & Bradbury R.S. (2021). Inactivating Effects of Common Laboratory Disinfectants, Fixatives, and Temperatures on the Eggs of Soil Transmitted Helminths. Microbiology Spectrum, 9(3), e01828-21.

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Encapsulation of Benefit Agents via Spray Drying

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Example 8

A polymeric shell material solution is prepared by slowly adding 2 grams of poly(vinyl acetate) (189480, Sigma-Aldrich) to 98 grams of ethanol (≥99%, Sigma-Aldrich) while mixing with a magnetic stirrer at 20° C. This solution is subsequently filtered with a 5 micrometers Syringe-driven filter (Millex-SV 5.00 μm, Millipore, Ireland). As core, 2 grams of poly(vinyl acetate) (189480, Sigma-Aldrich) are slowly added to 78 grams of ethanol (≥99%, Sigma-Aldrich). Once the poly(vinyl acetate) is dissolved, while stirring, 20 grams of Liquitint® Violet DD (Milliken, USA) are slowly added at 20° C. The viscosity of this second solution is measured (as described in method 5) being of 80 cPs. The solutions are introduced into the spray dryer (4M8-TriX Spray dryer, ProCepT, Belgium), separately, by using two high pressure syringe pumps (PHD 4400, Harvard Apparatus, France) and using a concentric Flow Focusing® nozzle PSC0350F (Ingeniatrics, Spain). Then, encapsulated benefit agents are collected and further used. The process parameters are:

- Internal capillary flow rate (core): 26.6 ml/h
- External capillary flow rate (polymeric shell material): 3.4 ml/h
- Air pressure of the nozzle: 50 mbar
- Drying air flow rate: 0.3 m³/min
- Drying air temperature: 80° C.

US10947483B2. Encapsulates (2021-03-16). Procter & Gamble International Operations SA [CH]. Inventors: Johan Smets [BE], Susana Fernandez Prieto [ES], Raul Rodrigo Gomez [ES], Albert Gasull Morales [ES], Jennifer Efua Kwansima Quansah [GH].

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Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Propolis

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PCL (Mw=80 kDa), CTS (Mw=310-375 kDa, >75% deacetylate), DAPI powder, glacial acetic acid, T25 and T75 cell culture flasks, 96-well plates, ethanol, Whatman filter paper No. 1, Folin–Ciocalteu Reagent, sodium carbonate, methanol, gallic acid standard, quercetin standard, ethanol, potassium acetate, aluminum chloride, and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/F12 (DMEM) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA). Micro-culture thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Invitrogen (USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), streptomycin, penicillin, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Life Technologies Inc (USA). Raw propolis was obtained from Yas Company (Iran).

Hashemi S.S., Mohammadi A.A., Rajabi S.S., Sanati P., Rafati A., Kian M, & Zarei Z. (2023). Preparation and evaluation of a polycaprolactone/chitosan/propolis fibrous nanocomposite scaffold as a tissue engineering skin substitute. BioImpacts : BI, 13(4), 275-287.

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