Inveon research workplace

Bone-implant surfaces and new bone formation were analyzed by micro-CT (Siemens, Munich, Germany; 80 kV, 500 μA, exposure time of 1500 ms); images were reconstructed using Cobra EXXIM software (EXXIM Computing Corp., Livermore, CA, USA). Quantitative analysis of the new bone formation around implants was carried out using Inveon Research Work-place (Siemens, Munich, Germany). The following micro-architecture parameters were assessed in the volume of interest area (2 mm around the implants): bone volume to total volume ratio (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th). Three-dimensional images of the trabecular bone structures around the implants were generated using Inveon Research Work-place (Siemens) software.

Mice were sacrificed at 6 and 8 weeks after surgery by careful use of excessive anesthesia, and the skulls of the mice were harvested. Cranial bones were fixed with 10% formalin, and the surface of the sample was washed with 10% sucrose solution for formalin. Then, the cranial bones were scanned using a micro-CT with a resolution of 8.82 μm, tube voltage of 60 kV, tube current of 500 μA, and exposure time of 1500 ms. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction images were obtained using multimodal 3D visualization software (Inveon Research Workplace; Siemens, Munich, Germany) based on two-dimensional images. Bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) and bone mineral density (BMD) parameters in the defect area were calculated by Inveon Research Workplace (Siemens) [19 (link)].

PET images were analyzed using the Inveon Research Workplace (Siemens Medical Solutions) as described previously [10 (link), 20 (link)].
Inveon Research Workplace was used for assessing the percentage of the injected activity per gram (%IA/g) in the myocardium and left ventricular metabolic volume (LVMV) for the measurement of myocardial mass from static images. A cubic volume of interest (VOI) was drawn around the left ventricle, and a threshold value excluding the 30% least hottest voxels was applied. Correct VOI placement was always verified in three projections (axial, sagittal, and coronal) [13 (link)]. ECG trigger signal accuracy was retrospectively verified using in-house software programmed in MATLAB (The Mathworks, Natick, USA) [20 (link)], and heart rate during the scan was extracted.
Estimates for myocardial viability were calculated from static images as a percentage of the left ventricular surface area and automated volume measurements with QPS® (Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA) using a normative database, as described previously [11 (link), 22 ]. Left ventricular function parameters: EDV, ESV, the SV, and the EF, were calculated from ECG-gated images using QGS® (Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA), as described previously [10 (link), 12 (link)].

Mouse femurs were harvested and all the connected tissues were removed, and the remaining tissue were stored in cold PBS (Gibco). The femurs were scanned with a Inveon MM system (Siemens, Munich, Germany). Briefly, the specimens were scanned at a voltage of 80 kV, a current of 450 μA, and an exposure time of 40 min in each of the 360 rotation steps. Three-dimensional reconstruction was performed by two-dimensional images. Bone mineral density (BMD), bone tissue ratio (BV/TV), bone surface area to volume ratio (BS/BV), bone trabecular number (Tb. N), bone trabecular thickness (Tb. Th), bone trabecular separation (Tb. Sp), and bone trabecular pattern factor (Tb. Pf) were calculated by Inveon Research Workplace (Siemens).

All Sprague–Dawley rats underwent general anesthesia at 1, 4, and 8 weeks postoperatively. Their skulls were scanned by Micro-CT (Siemens AG) at a voltage of 80 kV, a current of 500 μA, and a resolution of 10 μm. Subsequently, three-dimensional (3D) images of TMJ complexes were reconstructed with the Inveon Research Workplace (Siemens AG). In the operation group, the region of interest (ROI) included three cubes (each 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 mm), which were selected along an imaginary line between the concave point of the condylar lateral neck and the upper edge of the zygomatic arch base. The morphological parameters of trabecular bone microarchitecture, including bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), bone specific surface (BS/BV), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) and trabecular number (Tb.N), were measured.

Micro-CT analyses of specimens were conducted as previously described [18 (link)]. Before micro-CT analyses, the skull specimens were collected and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 1 day. Then. micro-CT images were obtained from high-resolution Inveon micro-CT (Siemens, Munich, Germany) with a resolution of 8.99 μm at 80 kV, 500 μA and an exposure time of 1500 ms. All specimens were scanned using the uniform parameters in the same container. Multimodal three-dimensional (3D) visualization software (Inveon Research Workplace; Siemens, Munich, Germany) was used to reconstruct 3D images. Bone volume (BV) and bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) were calculated.