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5 protocols using fumed silica powder

1

Caco-2 Cell Culture and Compound Treatments

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Caco-2 cells, a human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, were maintained in α-minimal essential medium (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum (HyClone Labs, Logan, UT), 100 units/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Sigma) in a humidified incubator at 37°C, with an atmospheric composition of 95% air and 5% CO2. In treatment experiments cell culture medium contained 10% delipidated serum. Lipid was removed from serum by incubation with fumed silica powder (0.007 µm) as described by the manufacturer (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Cells were exposed to Lovastatin (10 µM), BNF (10 µM), TCDD (10 nM), SGA360 (10 µM), SGA315 (10 µM) or carrier solution dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for indicated time points. Enriched normal primary human hepatocytes were obtained through the Liver Tissue Cell Distribution System (University of Pittsburgh, PA). The isolated hepatocytes were seeded at ~90% confluence in 24-well collagen-coated dishes and cultured as previously described.20
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2

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Silica Nanoparticles

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FS was sprayed after spraying IPN. FS forms the superhydrophobic nanoparticle component that helps in repelling water as well as pathogens. The nanoparticles of FS were prepared by functionalizing fumed silica with organic fluorine precursor as shown in Figure S2 of the Supporting Information. In a round bottom flask, anhydrous chloroform (160 mL, Sigma‐Aldrich, ≥ 99%), and fumed silica powder (4 g, Sigma‐Aldrich, 7 nm) were added and purged with dry nitrogen for 40 min under mild stirring. Trichloro(1H,1H,2H, 2H‐perfluorooctyl)silane (0.95 mL, Sigma‐Aldrich, 97%) was added to the reaction mixture. The flask, necks of which sealed with rubber stoppers was left to progress for 48 h under 500 rpm stirring. After this, obtained FS was washed in 4 cycles of chloroform and then left to dry in a fume hood at room temperature for 48 h. The FS particles formed were then suspended in analytical grade acetone at a concentration of 20 mg mL−1 and ultrasonicated for 2 h to form a finely dispersed and sprayable solution.
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3

Caco-2 Cell Culture and Compound Treatments

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Caco-2 cells, a human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, were maintained in α-minimal essential medium (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum (HyClone Labs, Logan, UT), 100 units/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Sigma) in a humidified incubator at 37°C, with an atmospheric composition of 95% air and 5% CO2. In treatment experiments cell culture medium contained 10% delipidated serum. Lipid was removed from serum by incubation with fumed silica powder (0.007 µm) as described by the manufacturer (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Cells were exposed to Lovastatin (10 µM), BNF (10 µM), TCDD (10 nM), SGA360 (10 µM), SGA315 (10 µM) or carrier solution dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for indicated time points. Enriched normal primary human hepatocytes were obtained through the Liver Tissue Cell Distribution System (University of Pittsburgh, PA). The isolated hepatocytes were seeded at ~90% confluence in 24-well collagen-coated dishes and cultured as previously described.20
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4

Synthesis of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals

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1-Octadecene (ODE, tech, 90%), oleic acid
(OA, tech, 90%), oleylamine (OLA, tech, 70%), iodine (I2, 99.8%), lead(II) iodide (PbI2, 98%), cesium carbonate
(Cs2CO3, 99%), lead acetate trihydrate (Pb(OAc)2·3H2O, 99.99%), sodium iodide (NaI, 99.99%),
benzoyl chloride (C6H5COCl, 98%), trimethyliodosilane
(TMSI, (CH3)3SiI 97%), methyl acetate (CH3COOCH3, anhydrous, 99.5%), toluene (TOL, anhydrous,
99.8%), ethyl acetate (CH3COOC2H5, fumed silica powder (SiO2), and hexane (99.8%) were
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Didodecyldimethylammonium chloride
(DDACl, 98.0%) and didodecylamine were purchased from TCI. All reagents
were used as received without any further experimental purification.
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5

Synthesis of Tin Oxalate and Germanium Dioxide

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Fumed silica powder (0.007 μm), sodium
hydroxide (≥ 98%), tin(II) chloride dihydrate (98%), and oxalic
acid dihydrate (≥ 99%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Tin(II)
oxalate (98%) was obtained from Alfa Aesar. Amorphous germanium dioxide
was obtained from Gerald Wise & Co. Ltd. (now defunct).
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