Sch B, phenobarbital sodium, and carbamazepine were provided by the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Phenacetin, paracetamol, tolbutamide, 4-hydroxytolbutamide, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, chlorzoxazone, 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone, midazolam, 1-hydroxymidazolam, and β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Mice liver microsomes and human liver microsomes were purchased from the Research Institute for Liver Diseases Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). LC–MS grade methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). All other regents were of analytical grade.
Dextrorphan
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Dextrorphan is a chemical compound that can be used in laboratory settings. It serves as a research tool for various scientific investigations. The core function of Dextrorphan is to facilitate research and analysis, but its specific intended use should not be extrapolated or interpreted without further context.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Dextromethorphan, by Merck Group (15 mentions)
Phenacetin, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Chlorzoxazone, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Tolbutamide, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Midazolam, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Acetaminophen, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
4 hydroxytolbutamide, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
6 hydroxychlorzoxazone, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Paracetamol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
1 hydroxymidazolam, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Bupropion, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
6 hydroxychlorzoxazone, by LGC (3 mentions)
Diclofenac, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
β nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate nadph, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Coumarin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
6 hydroxy bupropion, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ketoconazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Testosterone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
16 protocols using dextrorphan
1
In Vitro Metabolic Profiling
2
Analytical Method for Drug Metabolites
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Phenacetin, acetaminophen, 2-acetamidophenol, coumarin, 7-hydroxy-comuarin (umbelliferone), flurbiprofen, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, trazodone, thymol, bupropion, 6-hydroxy-bupropion, alprazolam, 1′-hydroxy-alprazolam, NADP+, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and DL-isocitrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Pronethalol was from Tocris (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Propofol was provided by Zeneca Pharmaceuticals (Wilmington, DE, USA). 4′-hydroxy-flurbiprofen, 2-fluoro-4-biphenyl-acetic acid, 4-hydroxy-propofol, chlorzoxazone, and 6-hydroxy-chlorzoxazone were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada). S-Mephenytoin and 4-hydroxymephenytoin were purchased from Gentest (Corning, Corning, NY, USA). GW340416A, a chemical analogue of bupropion, was kindly provided by GlaxoSmithKline (Research Triangle Park, NC, USA). Omeprazole was purchased from BeanTown Chemical, Inc. (Hudson, NH, USA) and omeprazole sulfone was purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Sodium hydroxide, potassium phosphate monobasic and potassium phosphate dibasic and EDTA were purchased from J.T. Baker (Center Valley, PA, USA). HPLC-grade acetonitrile and methanol were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Ultra-pure water was obtained using a Milli-Q® Q-POD Millipore System (EMD Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).
3
Evaluation of Cytochrome P450 Inhibitors
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Fetal bovine serum and RPMI 1640 medium were obtained from Gibco (Grand Island, NE, USA). Modified Lowry protein assay kits were procured from Pierce (Rockford, IL, USA). Tamoxifen, 4-hydroxyTamoxifen, endoxifen, phenacetin, paracetamol, dextromethorphan, and dextrorphan were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Midazolam and 1-hydroxymidazolam were obtained from Gentest (Woburn, MA, USA). HPLC-grade formic acid and acetonitrile were obtained from Fisher (Dayton, OH, USA). Deionized water was purified with a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). All other chemicals, unless otherwise indicated, were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
4
Synthesis of Dronedarone Metabolites
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Dronedarone, N-debutyl-dronedarone, propanoic acid-dronedarone, phenol-dronedarone, and C-dealkyl-dronedarone were synthesized by the Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis Entity of the Drug Disposition Domain of Sanofi (Chilly-Mazarin, France). Their chemical structures are shown in Figure 1 .
Midazolam (MDZ), 1′-hydroxy-Midazolam (1′-OH-MDZ), tolbutamide, 4-hydroxy-tolbutamide, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, phenacetin and O-deethyl-phenacetin, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-Aminobenzotriazole (ABT), ketoconazole, clorgyline, alamethicin, ethanolamine, transferrin, linoleic acid, ascorbic acid, insulin, L-arginin, and glucagon were obtained from Sigma (St Louis, MO). Ham F12 and Williams E media, L-glutamine, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), sodium pyruvate, penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from Gibco (Paisley, UK). The 1′-hydroxy-Midazolam glucuronide (Glu-O-MDZ) was synthesized by the Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis Department of Sanofi (Chilly-Mazarin, France). All other chemicals and solvents used were of analytical grade.
Midazolam (MDZ), 1′-hydroxy-Midazolam (1′-OH-MDZ), tolbutamide, 4-hydroxy-tolbutamide, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, phenacetin and O-deethyl-phenacetin, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-Aminobenzotriazole (ABT), ketoconazole, clorgyline, alamethicin, ethanolamine, transferrin, linoleic acid, ascorbic acid, insulin, L-arginin, and glucagon were obtained from Sigma (St Louis, MO). Ham F12 and Williams E media, L-glutamine, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), sodium pyruvate, penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from Gibco (Paisley, UK). The 1′-hydroxy-Midazolam glucuronide (Glu-O-MDZ) was synthesized by the Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis Department of Sanofi (Chilly-Mazarin, France). All other chemicals and solvents used were of analytical grade.
5
Characterization of Cytochrome P450 Activity
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Human hepatic microsomes were obtained from Xenotech (Lenexa, KS, USA) and expressed CYP1A2, CYP2C9*1 +OR, CYP2C19 +OR, CYP2E1+OR+ cytochrome b5, CYP2D6*1+OR, and CYP3A4 +OR were purchased from Gentest (Woburn, MA, USA). The designation ‘+OR’ signifies that the preparation contained supplemental, cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 reductase. Ketoconazole, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, diclofenac, phenacetin, acetamidophenol, testosterone, 6-β-hydroxy-testosterone, midazolam, quinidine, sulfaphenazole, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) were acquired from Sigma Chemical Co (St Louis, MO, USA). S-(+)-mephenytoin, 4′-hydroxy-mephenytoin, 1′-hydroxy-midazolam, and 4′-hydroxy-diclofenac were obtained from Ultrafine Chemicals (Manchester, UK). 3-N-benzylnirvanol was purchased from Gentest. All other chemicals were the highest grades available.
6
Pharmacokinetic Profiling of Drugs
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Phenacetin, acetaminophen, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, furafyllin, and sulfaphenazole were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Quinidine was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). 4-hydroxydiclofenac and 1-hydroxymidazolam were purchased from Becton Dickinson (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). 5-Hydroxyomeprazole was purchased from Toronto Research Chemical (North York, Canada). Ketoconazole was purchased from LKT Laboratories (St. Paul, MN, USA). Health foods were purchased from Japanese retail markets. All other reagents were of the highest grade available from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan) and Sigma-Aldrich. Oligonucleotides were commercially synthesized by Fasmac (Atsugi, Japan).
7
Analyte Preparation and Quantification Protocol
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YL-IPA08 and AC-5216 internal standard (IS) (Figure 1 ) were supplied by chemical synthesis laboratory of our Institute (Beijing, China) with purity greater than 99%. Midazolam (MDZ), 1′-OH-MDZ, phenacetin, acetaminophen, diclofenac, S-mephenytoin, 4-OH-diclofenac, 4-OH-mephenytoin, bupropion, OH-bupropion, amodiaquine, N-desethylamodiaquine, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, atenolol, propranolol, and digoxin were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Human liver microsomes (pool of 50, mixed gender), male rat liver microsomes (pool of 495), human intestinal microsomes (pool of 15, mixed gender) and male rat intestinal microsomes (pool of 100) were purchased from XENOTECH (Lenexa, KS). NADPH was purchased from Roche Life Science (Basel-Stadt, Switzerland). Other reagents were of HPLC grade or better.
8
Comprehensive Metabolic Enzyme Profiling
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Trans-resveratrol (tRVT, purity ≥ 99%), cis-resveratrol (cRVT, purity ≥ 98%), dehydronifedipine, diclofenac, 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone, 4-hydroxydiclofenac, 4-hydroxymephenytoin, S-mephenytoin, midazolam, mycophenolic acid (MPA), nifedipine, CDCA-24-acyl-β-glucuronide, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy camptothecin (SN-38) glucuronide, MPA-β-d -glucuronide, and N-acetylserotonine (N-ASER)-β-d -glucuronide were obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada). Acetaminophen, amodiaquine, bupropion, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), chlorzoxazone, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, 6-hydroxybupropion, 7-hydroxycoumarin, N-ASER, N-desethylamodiaquine, naloxone, nifedipine, phenacetin, trifluoperazine (TFP), estrone-β-d -glucuronide, naloxone-β-d -glucuronide, and TFP-β-d -glucuronide were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). SN-38 and 1′-hydroxymidazolam were provided by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA) and Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), respectively. Pooled HLMs (XTreme 200) were purchased by XenoTech (Lenexa, KS, USA). rP450 (rCYP3A4, rCYP2E1, rCYP2C19, and rCYP1A2) were obtained from SPMED (Busan, Korea).
9
Cytochrome P450 Mediated Metabolism
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Tolbutamide was purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany). 4-hydroxyTolbutamide and 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone were obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (North York, Canada). Dextromethorphan, dextrorphan and chlorzoxazone were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Testosterone was obtained from International Laboratory Limited (San Bruno, CA, USA). 6β-hydroxytestosterone was purchased from BD Biosciences Co. (Woburn, MA, USA). Phenacetin, cortisone acetate, EB and EE were from National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). NADPH was obtained from Roche Diagnostics GmbH (Mannheim, Germany). All other reagents were of HPLC or analytical grade.
10
Comprehensive Analytical Procedures for Pharmacokinetics
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Chlorzoxazone, dextromethorphan, tolbutamide, testosterone, omeprazole, 6-hydroxyChlorzoxazone, dextrorphan, and 5-hydroxyomeprazole were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company (St. Louis, USA). 6β-Hydroxytestosterone and 4-hydroxytolbutamide were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (Toronto, Canada). β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) was purchased from Roche (Roche, Switzerland). Vinpocetine, propranolol, and gliclazide were obtained from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). Acetonitrile of high-performance liquid chromatography grade was obtained from Fisher Co. Ltd. (Waltham, MA, USA). Milli-Q (Milford, MA, USA) water was used throughout the experiments.
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