Branson 450

The scanning electron microscope (SEM; JSM – 5600 LV, JEOL) characterized prepared membranes. The transmission electron microscope (TEM; Tecnai F20 G²–200 KV, FEI) was used to characterize the CdO nanoparticle ranges in composite. The weight loss was collected using a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA; Q50 TA Instrument) of the composite membrane in flowing N₂. Raman spectra of for BMIM⁺BF₄⁻/CdO solution and BMIM⁺BF₄⁻/CdO/iodine salt solution were obtained using a BRUKER RAM II instrument at a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹ at room temperature. The IR measurements were used on a VERTEX 70 FT-IR spectrometer; 16–32 scans were done at a resolution of 8 cm⁻¹. A sonifier were used Branson 450 (Branson Ultrasonics Corporation, Danbury CT, USA) with a standard tip.

To synthesize the Mg-doped amorphous IONPs, 0.09 M FeCl₃ and 0.01 M MgCl₂ solutions were prepared by dissolving 1.02 g FeCl₃ and 0.066 g MgCl₂ salts together in 70 mL of ethanol [22 (link)]. A 20 mL 2.3 M ethanolic NaOH solution was prepared by dissolving 1.84 g solid NaOH. Ten mL of 2.3 M ethanolic NaOH solution was added to the salt mixture, which resulted in a red yellowish precipitate of the amorphous Mg-doped ferric hydroxide, (Fe, Mg)_x(OH)_y. The solution was continuously ultrasonicated by a Branson 450 sonicator (Branson Ultrasonics Corporation; Radnor, PA, USA) for 1 h to break up the aggregates. The reaction mixture was then transferred to a 100 mL Teflon-lined autoclave container and placed in a preheated oven at 150 °C for 2 h. During the heating process, simultaneous nucleation and homogeneous heating further decreased the particle size [9 (link)]. Subsequently, the autoclave was cooled to room temperature. The IONP suspension was washed with distilled water 2–3 times using a centrifuge to remove ethanol and other dissolved components until pH 7.0 was reached. Finally, the volume of the IONP suspension was adjusted to 50 mL by adding distilled water, and the suspension was stored at 2–5 °C.

Human dermal fibroblasts derived from the skin of a 33-year old adult (Female) were purchased (Cat. No. CC 2511, Lonza, Basel, Switzerland) and cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland). The cells were seeded at a density of 5 × 10⁴ per well of a 24-well plate and incubated for 24 h. The cells were stimulated with ultrasound at various amplitudes (10 to 15%) for 10, 30, or 60 s under serum-free DMEM using a 0.5-inch diameter ultrasound transducer (Branson 450, Emerson, MO), which generated continuous ultrasound with a frequency of 20 kHz (spatial average: 400 W cm⁻²). The bottom of the culture plate was held with 1 cm thick sponge. The cells were incubated in DMEM with 10% FBS for 10 min to 120 h according to the purpose of analyses.