C6h5na3o7 2h2o

Au NPs measuring 50 nm were synthesized by the Brown method [28 (link),29 (link)]. Briefly, 1.34 mL of 0.22 M of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH₂OH ∙HCl, ACS reagent, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland) was added to a solution containing 144 mL of gold (III) chloride trihydrate (0.25 mM, HAuCl₄∙3H₂O, ≥99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland), as-prepared 15 nm gold seeds ([Au] = 0.0125 mM) and sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate (0.5 mM NaCit, C₆H₅Na₃O₇∙ 2H₂O, ≥98%, Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland) under vigorous magnetic stirring. After 15 min under magnetic stirring, the NPs were cleaned by centrifugation at 3500 rpm for 20 min and redispersed in 0.5 mM NaCit. Au seeds measuring 15 nm were prepared by the well-known Turkevich method [30 (link)]. Briefly, 0.5 mM HAuCl₄ was boiled in the presence of 1.7 mM NaCit for 15 min. Au NPs measuring 15 nm were cooled down to room temperature and stored at 4°C overnight before using them to synthesize the larger particles.

The Turkevich method was used to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs).^{52 (link)} Namely, a suspension of 0.5 mM gold (99% tetrachloroauric acid, HAuCl₄·3H₂O, Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland) and 1.5 mM of sodium citrate (≥98%, C₆H₅Na₃O₇·2H₂O, Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland) was brought to boiling and subsequently cooled down to room temperature resulting in the formation of 16 nm AuNPs capped with citrate. AuNPs of 41 nm were synthesized through the reduction of gold salt (0.25 mM) mixed with hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.2 M) in the presence of sodium citrate (0.5 mM) and as-prepared citrate capped 16 nm AuNPs (0.0125 mM). The two AuNP size-types synthesized were surface-functionalized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, 8 kDa (C₆H₉NO)_n, Acros Organics, Switzerland), by mixing 0.47 mM of Au sols with 2.65 mM PVP aqueous solution for the 16 nm AuNPs (labelled as Au16) and with 1.1 mM PVP for the 41 nm AuNPs (labelled as Au41).^{53 (link)}

Cellulose acetate (CA; average acetyl content of 39.7 wt%, average MW~50,000 (GPC) (Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA) has been used as a polymer component for membrane preparation. The N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) purity of 99% (Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA) has been used as a solvent during polymer blending. Laboratory synthesized Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been employed as a membrane additive. A Glycerol (Honeywell, Morristown, NJ, USA) solution was also used in membrane washing operations. For the synthesis of nanostructured zinc nitrate hexahydrate Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O (Lach-Ner, Tovární, Neratovice), urea >99% purity (NH2)2CO (Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), zinc acetate dihydrate >99% purity Zn(CH₃COO)₂·2H₂O (Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), hexamethylenetetramine >99% purity (HMTA)C₆H₁₂N₄ (Merck, New York, NY, USA), PEI, sodium citrate dihydrate >99% purity C₆H₅Na₃O₇·2H₂O (Merck, New York, NY, USA) has been used. Methylene Blue was supplied by local manufacturers who use it for their day-to-day applications. The main components of UV source light were used from a mechanical solar simulator model no. 21117 (Newport, CA, USA).

Jicama (Smallanthus sonchifolius) and cabuya (Agave americana) were used as raw materials for inulin extraction and obtained from the same cultivation zone (Guayllabamba, Pichincha, Ecuador). Jicama (roots) and cabuya (meristem and leaves) were harvested at an approximate age of 8 months and 12 years, respectively. Concerning cabuya leaves, only the first 20 cm (measured from the stem) were studied.
Ethanol, C₂H₅OH (LAQUIN, ≥96%), and dibasic potassium phosphate trihydrated, K₂HPO₄·3H₂O (Merck, ≥99%), were used to purification process.
d-glucose (BDH, Poole, England, ≥98.5%), d-fructose (BDH, ≥98.9%), trisodium citrate dihydrate, C₆H₅Na₃O₇·2H₂O (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, ≥99.5%), sodium metaperiodate, NaIO₄ (Merck, ≥99%), potassium iodide, KI (Merck, ≥99%), sodium carbonate (BDH, ≥98%) and sulfuric acid (JT Baker, Phillipsburg, USA, ≥97.99%) were used to measure inulin content in the extract by the spectrophotometric method.
Commercial Inulin (Beneo Orafti^® GR, with the degree of polymerization (DP) between 10 and 23 and a Mw of 1680–4100 g/mol) was used as a standard for the spectrophotometric, thermal and spectroscopic analyzes.

Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in Cell culture minimal medium consisting of 15 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂, 1 μM FeSO₄.7H₂O, 8 mM MgSO₄, 10 μM MnSO₄, 27 mM KCl, 0.6 mM KH₂PO₄, 7 mM C₆H₅Na₃O₇⋅2H₂O (Merck), 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5 (Sigma–Aldrich) supplemented with 0.5% glucose (AppliChem), 0.67 mM glutamic acid (Merck) and 490 μM tryptophan (Sigma–Aldrich), was used to grow a lysine auxotrophic strain of B. subtilis 168 (also referred to as the wild-type or WT). For labeling purposes, the minimal medium was supplemented with 0.025% of the respective isotopically labeled L-lysine – Light, Lys0: ¹²C₆¹⁴N₂ (Sigma–Aldrich); Medium, Lys4: 4,4,5,6-D₄; Heavy, Lys8: ¹³C₆¹⁵N₂ (Euriso-Top). An overnight culture grown until an OD₆₀₀ of 0.5–0.6 was used as a pre-inoculum for the main cultures which were grown at 37°C at 200 rpm and harvested at either the late stationary phase of growth or mid-logarithmic phase of growth. The ΔlysA WT strain was labeled with “Light” lysine, the ΔptkAΔlysA (kinase) strain with “Medium” lysine and the ΔptpZΔlysA (phosphatase) strain with “Heavy” lysine. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 7000 × g for 10 min. Supplementary Figure 1 depicts the entire (phospho) proteomics workflow employed. A total of four biological replicates were performed for the phosphoproteomics experiments and three biological replicates and the whole proteome analysis.