Taurocholic acid sodium salt

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Taurocholic acid sodium salt is a bile salt compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. The primary function of taurocholic acid sodium salt is to serve as a surfactant and emulsifier in various biochemical and cell culture applications.

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Taurocholic acid (91 citations) Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (25 citations) Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (sodium taurocholate) (2 citations)

8 protocols using taurocholic acid sodium salt

Radiolabeled Tracer Uptake Assay

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Radiolabeled [³H]-Taurocholic acid was purchased from PerkinElmer (Boston, MA, USA). Radiolabeled [³H]-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide (MPP⁺) was obtained from American Radiolabeled Chemicals, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) and water-soluble Cholesterol-methyl-β-cyclodextrin (cholesterol) were acquired from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Taurocholic acid sodium salt (97% pure) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich.
Rabbit anti-Flotillin-1 antibody (F1180, 1:2000) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Mouse anti-Clathrin Heavy Chain antibody (610499, 1:1000) and mouse anti-Caveolin 1 antibody (610406, 1:1000) were purchased from BD Biosciences (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Mouse anti-Alpha 1 Sodium Potassium ATPase antibody (ab7671, 1:2000) was purchased from Abcam (Waltham, MA, USA). Mouse Tetra His antibody (34670, 1:2000) was bought from QIAGEN (Germantown, MD, USA). The mouse anti-SLC22A1 antibody was obtained from Novus Biologicals (Littleton, CO, USA).

Idowu J.Y, & Hagenbuch B. (2022). Free Cholesterol Affects the Function and Localization of Human Na+/Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide (NTCP) and Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(15), 8457.

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Encapsulated Polysaccharide-based Delivery System

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The object of the study was an encapsulated form based on natural polysaccharides for PAL. Agar-agar (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA), iota-carrageenan (Newgreen Pharmchem Co., Beijing, China), and carboxymethyl cellulose (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) were used in this study. Maleic acid (cis-butenedioic acid, toxilic acid, ≥99%, M0375), glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol, glycerin, ≥99.0%, G5516), potassium phosphate monobasic (monopotassium phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, prim.-potassium phosphate, ≥99.0%, P5655), sodium hydroxide (caustic soda, ≥98%, S8045), sodium chloride (halite, ≥99.5%, S7653), L-α-phosphatidylcholine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine, L-α-lecithin, azolectin, PC, ≥99%, P3556), sodium taurocholate (taurocholic acid sodium salt, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, S0900000), pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa (pepsin A, pepsin from hog stomach, 3,200–4,500 U/mg, P6887), hydrochloric acid (1.0 N, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, H9892) were purchased from Fluka/Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich Rus, Moscow, Russia). All other chemicals (analytical or better grade) used in this study were obtained from the Institute of Biotechnology of Kemerovo State University (Kemerovo, Russia).

Babich O., Dyshlyuk L., Prosekov A., Noskova S., Ivina O., Pavsky V., Ivanova S, & Bulgakova O. (2020). Study of the Potential of the Capsule Shell Based on Natural Polysaccharides in Targeted Delivery of the L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Preparation. Pharmaceuticals, 13(4), 63.

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Venomous Snake Proteome Analysis

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The lyophilized venoms of B. jararaca, B. jararacussu, and B. neuwiedi were provided by the serpentarium of the Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The venom was diluted in saline and stored at −20 °C until it was assayed. Snake venom collection was conducted under the authorization of the Brazilian National System for Genetic Heritage Management and Associated Traditional Knowledge (SISGEN), process number A39CTRI 04E. Human fibrinogen, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), trichloracetic acid, taurocholic acid sodium salt, and azocasein were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All the other reagents or solvents were research grade.

Castro-Pinheiro C., Junior L.C., Sanchez E.F., da Silva A.C., Dwan C.A., Karpiniec S.S., Critchley A.T, & Fuly A.L. (2024). Effect of Seaweed-Derived Fucoidans from Undaria pinnatifida and Fucus vesiculosus on Coagulant, Proteolytic, and Phospholipase A2 Activities of Snake Bothrops jararaca, B. jararacussu, and B. neuwiedi Venom. Toxins, 16(4), 188.

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Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Bioavailability

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Chitosan (CS, medium molecular weight 190–310 kDa, degree of deacetylation 75–85%), pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP, ≥85%), glibenclamide (Gli), silymarin (Sil), formic acid (CH₂O₂) 98–100%, HPLC-grade methanol and acetonitrile (ACN), taurocholic acid sodium salt (≥95%), lecithin (≥60%), pepsin from gastric porcine mucosa (≥250 units/mg powder), sodium chloride (NaCl; ≥99%), hydrochloric acid (HCl; 37%), maleic acid (≥99%) and sodium hydroxide (≥97%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Condurache M.I., Petrovici A.R., Simionescu N., Profire B.S., Confederat L.G., Bujor A., Miron A, & Profire L. (2022). Simultaneous Determination of Glibenclamide and Silymarin Released from Chitosan Microparticles by HPLC-ESI-MS Technique: Method Development and Validation. Pharmaceutics, 14(10), 2164.

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Synthesis of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin-Taurocholate Conjugate

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Low-molecular-weight heparin–taurocholate conjugate (LHT) was synthesized via amide linkage, which was previously described [31 (link)]. A primary amine was introduced to taurocholic acid sodium salt (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) by activating the hydroxyl group using triethylamine (Sigma) and 4-nitrophenylchloroformate (Sigma). LMWH (Fraxiparin^®, average molecular weight 4.5 kDa) was mixed with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS; Sigma), and then 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimidehydrochloride (EDAC; Sigma) was added for activation. Primary amines with taurocholic acid were conjugated on activated carboxylic group of LMWH via an EDAC/NHS coupling method.

Hwang H.H., Jeong H.J., Yun S., Byun Y., Okano T., Kim S.W, & Lee D.Y. (2021). Anticancer Effect of Heparin–Taurocholate Conjugate on Orthotopically Induced Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers, 13(22), 5775.

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Radiolabeled Compounds for Transporter Studies

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Radiolabeled [³H]-taurocholate (6.5 Ci/mmol) was obtained from PerkinElmer (Boston, MA, USA). [³H]-Estrone-3-sulfate (50 Ci/mmol) and [³H]-Rosuvastatin (10 Ci/mmol) were purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). Rosuvastatin (98% pure) was purchased from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). All other chemicals, including taurocholic acid sodium salt (97% pure) and estrone-3-sulfate sodium salt (containing 35% Tris stabilizer), were obtained Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Ruggiero M.J., Malhotra S., Fenton A.W., Swint-Kruse L., Karanicolas J, & Hagenbuch B. (2022). Structural Plasticity Is a Feature of Rheostat Positions in the Human Na+/Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide (NTCP). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(6), 3211.

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Radiolabeled Compound Characterization

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Radiolabeled [³H]-TCA (6.5 Ci/mmol) was purchased from PerkinElmer (Boston, MA, USA). [³H]-Estrone-3-sulfate (50 Ci/mmol) and [³H]-Rosuvastatin (10 Ci/mmol) were from American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St Louis, MO, USA). Taurocholic acid sodium salt (97% pure) and estrone-3-sulfate sodium salt (containing 35% Tris stabilizer) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Rosuvastatin (98% pure) was purchased from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI, USA).

Ruggiero M.J., Malhotra S., Fenton A.W., Swint-Kruse L., Karanicolas J, & Hagenbuch B. (2020). A clinically relevant polymorphism in the Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) occurs at a rheostat position. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 296, 100047.

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Fabrication and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles

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Chitosan (CS, medium molecular weight 190-310 kDa, degree of deacetylation 75-85%), pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP, ≥85%), acetic acid (≥ 99.8%), methanol (≥ 99.8%), glibenclamide (Gly, ≥ 99%) and lipoic acid (LA, ≥ 98%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Merck, Germany). Distilled water of chromatographic purity was purchased from Ircon (Romania). Taurocholic acid sodium salt (≥ 95%), lecithin (≥ 60%), pepsin obtained from gastric porcine mucosa (≥ 250 units/mg powder), sodium chloride (NaCl; ≥ 99%), hydrochloric acid (HCl; 37%), maleic acid (≥ 99%) and sodium hydroxide (≥97%) were also purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Merck, Germany).

Confederat L., Motrescu I., Condurache M.I., Constantin S., Bujor A., Tuchiluş C., & Profire L. (2020). Chitosan-Based Delivery Systems Loaded with Glibenclamide and Lipoic Acid: Formulation, Characterization, and Kinetic Release Studies. Applied Sciences, 10(21), 7532-7532.

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