Arium mini plus

Fresh Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor) bulbs used in this study were purchased from Lanzhou city Gansu Province, and fresh lily bulb scale samples were selected for drying according to appearance, such as uniform size and whiteness, no mechanical deterioration, and no damage by disease and insect. All selected lily scales were thoroughly cleaned before drying. Chemical reagents used were of analytical purity grade, and the deionized water was obtained by an ultrapure water system (Arium-mini Plus; Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany).

Sodium bicarbonate (≥99.9%) was purchased from Ottogi Corp. (Anyang, Republic of Korea). Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Vivapharm Hypromellose 2910), triethyl citrate (≥99.0%), and magnesium stearate were obtained from Whawon Pharm. Co., Ltd. (Hwaseong, Republic of Korea), TCI Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), and Faci Asia Pacific Pte Ltd. (Singapore), respectively. Opadry (04K19229) and Acryl-Eze (93018509) were donated by Colorcon Inc. (Harleysville, PA, USA). All solutions were prepared with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade water purified with Arium Mini Plus (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany) and cellulose nitrate membrane filters (47 mm, 0.2 μm, Whatman, Maidstone, UK). All other reagents were of analytical grade or better.

Polycaprolactone (PCL) with a molecular weight of 100,000 and phosphate buffer solution (PBS) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) with a molecular weight of 260,000 was provided by Jinan Daigang Biotechnology Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China. β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) was purchased from Shanghai Bio-lu Biomaterials (China). Hydrophobic silica nanoparticles (h-SiO₂) were obtained from Wacker Chemie (Burghausen, Germany). Tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) was purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China). Dichloromethane (DCM) was purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Ltd. Deionized (DI) water was produced from a DI water producer (Sartorius arium mini plus, Goettingen, Germany).