Dulbecco s modified eagle medium nutrient mixture f 12 dmem f12 media

Chloroquine (CQ) and 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F‐12 (DMEM‐F12) media, foetal bovine serum (FBS), mouse epidermal growth factor (EGF), Alexa Fluor 488‐ and Alexa Fluor 594‐conjugated IgG were purchased from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Rapamycin (Rapa), the antibodies of anti‐LC3B (ab63817), anti‐Beclin1 (ab55878) and anti‐SQSTM 1/p62 (ab56416) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, CS, UK). The antibodies specific for PERK (3192), phospho‐PERK (Thr980, 3179), mTOR (2983), phospho‐mTOR (Sre2448, 2971), AKT (4691), phospho‐AKT (Sre473, 9271), phosphor‐ULK1 (Ser555, 5869) and CHOP (2895) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Boston, MA, USA). Salubrinal (Sal) was purchased from Amquar Bio Corp. (Denver, CO, USA). Anti‐β‐actin antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Inserts used in this study were purchased from Merck Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA). Plastic cell culture dishes and six‐well plates were purchased from BD Biosciences (Lincoln Park, NJ, USA).