Cycloplegia was induced by the administration of 1 drop of 0.5% proparacaine and 1 drop of 2.5% phenylephrine, along with 3 drops of 1% cyclopentolate 5 minutes apart. After an interval of at least 30 minutes after the last eye drop, cycloplegic autorefraction was conducted using a table-mounted autorefractor (model RK-F1; Canon, Tokyo, Japan). Axial length (AL) was measured with biometry (IOL Master; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Oberkochen, Germany). The reliability of each AL measurement was evaluated with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and a reading was included when SNR was greater than 2.0. Spherical equivalent (SE) for each eye was defined as spherical power plus half negative cylinder power.
Rk f1
Manufactured by Canon
Sourced in Japan, United States
The RK-F1 is a laboratory device designed for performing film-based radiographic imaging. It provides a consistent and reliable method for capturing high-quality radiographic images. The core function of the RK-F1 is to expose film to X-rays or other forms of radiation in a controlled and reproducible manner.
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14 protocols using rk f1
1
Cycloplegic Autorefraction and Axial Length
2
Assessing Cycloplegic Autorefraction in Children
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After corneal anesthesia induced with proparacaine (0.5% Alcaine, Alcon Laboratories, Ft. Worth, TX), 3 drops of 1% cyclopentolate (Alcon Laboratories, Ft. Worth, TX) were administered at 5 minutes a part to induce cycloplegia. Five consecutive, reliable autorefraction measurements were obtained 30 minutes after the third drop was administered. The child was asked to sit in front of the autorefractor (Canon RK-F1) and to look at the fixation target, which was designed to obtain the smallest accommodative response.[36 (link)] Both before and after cycloplegia, the right eye was measured (in 0.25 D steps) first and then the left eye.
3
Comprehensive Ocular Biometry and Imaging
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After the full ophthalmic examination using a slit lamp, each subject underwent the following ocular biometric data measurements: refractive status (spherical equivalent) with an autorefractor/keratometer (RK-F1; Canon, Tokyo, Japan); angle kappa, simulated keratometric value (Sim K), WTW, thinnest corneal thickness, ACD (from endothelium) with slit-scanning topography (Orbscan II, Bausch and Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA); and axial length with partial coherence interferometry (IOLMaster Version 5.4; Carl Zeiss Meditech Inc., Dublin, CA, USA).
The cross-sectional ocular images obtained in the previous study from the same volunteers were used for a new analytical method [9 (link)]. Briefly, three horizontal images, each centered on the visual axis, temporal cornea, and nasal cornea were obtained by using AS-OCT (Visante OCT, Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc, Dublin, CA) with nasal and temporal external targets that were located approximately 15° from the primary position to align the three images on the same horizontal plane [9 (link)].
The cross-sectional ocular images obtained in the previous study from the same volunteers were used for a new analytical method [9 (link)]. Briefly, three horizontal images, each centered on the visual axis, temporal cornea, and nasal cornea were obtained by using AS-OCT (Visante OCT, Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc, Dublin, CA) with nasal and temporal external targets that were located approximately 15° from the primary position to align the three images on the same horizontal plane [9 (link)].
4
Longitudinal Study of Refractive Error and Axial Length
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The annual visit was completed between September 1 and October 30 from 2014 to 2017. According to our previous study,14 (link) refractive error was measured with an auto-refractor (RK-F1; Canon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) under non-cycloplegic conditions. The mean value of the three good measurements was then used for analysis. AL was measured with an ocular biometry system (IOL Master; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Oberkochen, Germany). The mean value of the five good measurements was then used for analysis.
Furthermore, body height and weight were recorded for all children. The height was determined to the nearest 0.1 cm in a standardised manner without shoes. The weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg without thick clothes.
Furthermore, body height and weight were recorded for all children. The height was determined to the nearest 0.1 cm in a standardised manner without shoes. The weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg without thick clothes.
5
Automated Objective Refraction Measurement
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For measurements with the Canon RK-F1, the forehead of the patients was placed onto the forehead part of the device. The RK-F1 autorefractometer detects light reflected from the patient's fundus to which infrared rays are directed. A microcomputer within the machine deduces the objective refraction in terms of sphere, cylinder, and axis, and then automatically displays this information corrected for a 12 mm vertex distance. It completes its objective final measurement in only 1 to 10 seconds. The machine can measure a sphere from -30 to +20 D and a cylinder of 10 D.
6
Comprehensive Ophthalmological Examination in Children
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Participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, as well as height and weight measurements, as previously described.21 (link) The ophthalmological examination included the assessment of refractive error in both eyes using an automatic refractive instrument (RK-F1; Canon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) without cycloplegia. Axial length was measured using an ocular Biometrics System (IOLMaster; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Oberkochen, Germany). The height and weight of all children were recorded in a standardized manner, without shoes or heavy clothing.
7
Comprehensive Ophthalmic Examination Protocol
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All participants underwent a complete ophthalmic examination which included visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and the refraction of noncycloplegic and cycloplegic state. Best-corrected visual acuity was assessed monocularly with linear logMAR charts if the child had an uncorrected visual acuity higher than 0.0logMAR (i.e., vision > 0.0logMAR). A Haag-Streit slit-lamp (Koeniz, Switzerland) was used to examine the anterior segment. Five cycles of tropicamide (0.5%, one drop per cycle) were administered 5 minutes apart. About 30 minutes after application of the eye drops, children without pupillary light reflex were examined by an autorefractometer (RK-F1, Canon), which generated 5 valid readings of refraction, and the median value was used for analyses.
8
Ophthalmic Evaluation and SCORE Assessment
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All subjects underwent a thorough ophthalmic examination on the day of OCT imaging, including best-corrected visual acuity, refraction, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement with GAT, slit lamp examination and fundus examination. The refractive error was recorded using an auto refractometer Canon RK-F1 (Canon USA Inc., Lake Success, NY, USA). Axial length (AL) was measured by Lenstar LS 900 (Haag Streit AG, Koeniz, Switzerland). Thirty minutes after instillation, ophthalmic evaluation has ruled out an angle closure using slit lamp.
SCORE was calculated as previously described, according to their underlying risks for coronary heart disease, including age, cholesterol, smoking and systolic blood pressure.17 (link)
SCORE was calculated as previously described, according to their underlying risks for coronary heart disease, including age, cholesterol, smoking and systolic blood pressure.17 (link)
9
Comprehensive Ophthalmic Evaluation with OCT
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All individuals underwent an exhaustive ophthalmic exploration on the day of OCT imaging, consisting of the best-corrected visual acuity, refraction, slit lamp examination, fundus examination, OCT examination, and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement with Goldmann applanation tonometry (in this order). The refractive error was analyzed using an autorefractometer (Canon RK-F1, Canon USA Inc., Lake Success, NY, USA).
10
Subjective Refraction and Autorefraction
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Subjective refraction was assessed before cycloplegia, starting with the mean of 5 noncycloplegic autorefractor measurements. Autorefraction with a Canon RK-F1 (Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan), known for its accuracy and repeatability,[32 (link)] was evaluated in both eyes by experienced optometrists who were trained and certified on study protocols. Subjective refraction included measurement of the monocular best sphere, cylinder power and axis, binocular balance, and binocular best sphere.
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