Salt, glucose, Na4P2O7·10H2O, and sodium nitrite were sourced from a variety of suppliers. A fermentation culture mixture (Pediococcus pentosaceus andStaphylococcus carnosus, BFL-F02 BactoFlavor®) was donated by Chr. Hansen, Melbourne, Australia. Rosemary essential oil (FN11146) and garlic essential oil (FN11516) were from Lionel Hitchen (Essential Oils) Limited (Winchester, UK). The BCAFs, 4-MeO and 4-MeN, and skatole were from Sigma, Sydney, Australia.
Skatole
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Skatole is a chemical compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a colorless, crystalline solid with a fecal odor. Skatole is utilized in various analytical and research applications where its chemical properties are required, but no further details on intended use can be provided.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
P cresol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Indole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Luria bertani media, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
5 deoxyadenosine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Appropriate columns, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Trifluoroacetic acid, by J&K Scientific (1 mentions)
S 5 adenosyl l methionine iodide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 isobutyl 3 methoxypyrazine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
3 methylbutanoic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Peitc, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Benzyl itc, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 phenylacetaldehyde, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
3 isopropyl 2 methoxypyrazine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
P anisaldehyde, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
1 octen 3 one, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 methylbutanoic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
3 methylthio propyl itc, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
9 protocols using skatole
1
Fermented Meat Preservation Protocol
2
Purification of Methyltransferase Enzymes
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Luria Bertani (LB) media was purchased from Oxoid Limited (Hampshire, UK). Acetonitrile was purchased from Concord Technology (Minnesota, USA). Formic acid was purchased from Merck (New Jersey, USA). Skatole, S-(5′-Adenosyl)-l -methionine iodide, and 5′-deoxyadenosine were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, USA). Trifluoroacetic acid and 2,3-dimethylindole were purchased from J&K (Beijing, China). Talon resin was purchased from Clonetech laboratories Inc. (California, USA). All protein purification chromatographic experiments were performed on an ÄKTA pure or ÄKTA prime plus FPLC machines equipped with appropriate columns (GE Healthcare, USA). Protein concentrations were calculated from the absorption at 280 nm measured using an Eppendorf BioPhotometer® D30. Anaerobic experiments were conducted in a Lab2000 glovebox (Etelux) under an atmosphere of N2 with less than 10 ppm O2.
3
Synthesis and Purification of Volatile Compounds
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Isobutyl ITC 97%, 4-pentenyl ITC 95% and sec-butyl ITC 97% were purchased from ABCR (Karlsruhe, Germany), 3-sec-butyl-2-methoxypyrazine from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium), (3S,3aS,7aR)-wine lactone >95% from Aromalab (Freising, Germany), 2-(methylthio)ethyl ITC >96% from FCH Group (Chernigiv, Ukraine), butanoic acid ≥99% from Fluka (Steinheim, Germany), (Z)-3-hexenal 50% from SAFC (Steinheim, Germany) and 3-methylbutyl ITC >98% from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Heidelberg, Germany). Acetic acid >99%, AITC 95%, p-anisaldehyde 98%, benzyl ITC 98%, 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone (sotolone) ≥97%, 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine ≥99%, 3-isopropyl-2-methoxypyrazine 99%, 2-methylbutanoic acid 98%, 3-methylbutanoic acid 99%, skatole 98%, 3-(methylthio)propanal 98%, 3-(methylthio)propyl ITC 98%, 1-octen-3-one 50%, 2-phenylacetaldehyde 90% and PEITC >99% were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) and 3-butenyl ITC 95% from TCI Europe (Eschborn, Germany). CETP was synthesized as described in our previous study (Kroener and Buettner, 2017 (link)).
Dichloromethane (DCM), which was freshly distilled for purification prior to use, and anhydrous sodium sulfate were purchased from VWR International GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany).
Dichloromethane (DCM), which was freshly distilled for purification prior to use, and anhydrous sodium sulfate were purchased from VWR International GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany).
4
Mosquito Conditioning with Semiochemicals
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Semiochemicals, p-cresol and skatole (Sigma-Aldrich), were each dissolved in 70% ethanol to create a stock solution (1 mg/mlethanol) and then diluted at 100 µg/l in 400 ml water for larvae and pupae conditioning. The high concentration allows for constant exposure of the aquatic stages of the mosquitoes during the rearing time.
5
Quantification of Volatile Organic Compounds
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For DMS and DMDS, a mixed standard gas (10.4 ppm DMS and 9.9 ppm DMDS, Research Institute of Gas Analytical Science, South Korea) was used for the quantification. For other compounds, the calibrations were accomplished through the use of the headspace method for Henry’s constants (Chai et al., 2005 ). All of the reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA): acetic acid (99.7%), propanoic acid (99.5%), bButyric acid (99%), isobutyric acid (99%), valeric acid (99%), isovaleric acid (99%), indole (99%), skatole (98%) and p-cresol (99%). The stocking solutions of volatile organic acids were diluted with triple-distilled water, while the stocking solutions of the Indolics and p-cresol were diluted with methanol (99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA). The stocking solutions were diluted progressively with triple-distilled water and analyzed with a relative headspace method for Henry’s constants (Chai et al., 2005 ). The detection thresholds, molecular weights and retention times of the target odorous compounds are shown in Table 2 . Recovery of these VOCs in Tedlar bags was greater than 85% under similar experimental conditions.
6
Investigating Indole-3-Aldehyde Effects
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I3A, IAA, IPA, ILA, skatole and tryptamine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). For the in vitro experiments, I3A was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, Solon, OH, USA) at a stock concentration of 100 mM. For the in vivo experiments, I3A was dissolved in DMSO at a stock concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The AhR inhibitor 1-methyl-N-[2-methyl-4-[2-(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (CH-223191) was purchased from AbMole (Shanghai, China), dissolved in DMSO, and prepared into a 10 mM stock solution. Recombinant human IL-10 (5 ng/mL; HZ-1145) and anti-IL-10 neutralizing antibody (0.1 μg/mL; 69018-1-1 g) were purchased from Proteintech (Chicago, IL, USA).
7
Evaluating Dioxin Receptor Modulators
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TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxine), skatole (3-methylindole), indole-3-carbinol (I3C), 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) and actinomycin D were from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint-Louis, MO, US). CH-223191 (2-Methyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid-(2-methyl-4-o-tolyl-azophenyl)-amide, an antagonist of TCDD-mediated AhR activation [24 (link), 25 (link)], was from Calbiochem (Merck KGaA, Damstadt, Germany).
8
Quantitative Analysis of Volatile Compounds
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Methanol (CAS n° 67-56-1, HPLC grade, Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), dansylhydrazine (CAS n° 33008-06-9, Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany ), boron trifluoride (BF3) at 20% in Methanol v/v (CAS n° 373-57-9, VWR, Darmstadt, Germany), phosphoric acid (H3PO4) (CAS n° 7664-38-2, Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), acetonitrile (CAS n° 75-05-8, HPLC grade, Supelco, Darmstadt, Germany), tetrahydrofuran (CAS n° 109-99-9, HPLC grade, Supelco, Darmstadt, Germany), liquid nitrogen (CAS n° 7727-37-9, Nippon Gases, Schoten, Belgium), 2,3-dimethylindole (CAS n°91-55-4, Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), skatole (CAS n° 83-34-1, Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), and androstenone (CAS n° 18339-16-7, Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany ) were used in this experiment.
9
GC-MS Analysis of Flavor Compounds
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The chemicals used in GC-MS analysis including hexanal, heptanal, benzaldehyde, octanal, nonanal, decanal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, acetophenone, α-phellandrene, α-pinene, p-cymene, β-citronellene, camphene, sabinene, β-pinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, δ-2- carene, (Z)-linalool oxide (furanoid), linalool, α-copaene, α-cedrene, (E)-caryophyllene, α-humulene, (Z)- caryophyllene, skatole, heptanol, octanol, 1-octen-3-ol, nonanol, p-xylene, o-xylene, phenol, benzyl alcohol, m-cresol, p-cresol, indole, and standard n-alkanes solution were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (purity >97%).
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