The dogs were sedated intramuscularly in the M. biceps femoris according to individually adjusted dosages of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (Orion-Pharma, Turku, Finland) and butorphanol (Richter Pharma, Wels, Austria). General anaesthesia was induced with intravenous injection of propofol (Zoetis Finland Oy, Helsinki, Finland) and maintained with inhaled isoflurane (Piramal Health Care, Northumberland, UK) and oxygen.
Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride
Manufactured by Orion Pharma
Sourced in Finland
Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride is a synthetic compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
6 protocols using dexmedetomidine hydrochloride
1
General Anesthesia in Dogs
2
Proximal Femur Fracture in Mice
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The surgical procedure was conducted under general anesthesia, using 50 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride (Henry Schein Animal Health 100 mg/ml) at a ratio of 1:1 with dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (Orion pharma, 0.5 mg/ml) and analgesia, using 0.05 mg/kg buprenorphine (0.03 mg/ml, injection every 6 hours). The experimental proximal femur fracture was applied as described previously (26 (link)). Briefly, a 24G cannula was introduced retrograde into the right femur to stabilize the fracture. Afterwards, a 0.5 cm skin incision was made along the femur. The femoral muscles were separated bluntly. Free access to the proximal femur bone was achieved by cutting the tendon insertion at the third trochanter. With a Gigli wire saw of 0.44 mm diameter, an osteotomy was induced between the third and the lesser trochanters, producing an intertrochanteric proximal femur fracture. Afterwards, the muscles were sutured with a Vicryl 5-0 suture. The skin was closed using a non-absorbable Resolon 5-0 suture. After the experimental procedure, mice were allowed to awake and to move freely directly after surgery. The animals were monitored over the entire observation period. After the respective observation periods of 6 and 24 h, the animals were euthanized by using carbon dioxide.
3
Electrophysiology of Somatosensory Cortex
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Animals were anaesthetized with dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (0.05 mg kg−1, Orion Pharma) and their hindlimbs shaved. Two adhesive surface electrodes were attached to one leg at a time and held in place with tape. These electrodes were hooked up to a stimulation box (A-M Systems Isolated Pulse Stimulator, Model 2100) linked to the TDT RZ2 system via a BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman) cable. The animal’s electrodes were plugged into the RZ2 system via the TDT headstage and PZ2 amplifier. In this way, an electrical stimulus was sent to the animal’s sciatic nerve from the RZ2 system, and the response in the somatosensory cortex was recorded through the CLEAR device and sent back to the computer. After completion, the animals were recovered with an injection of atipamezole hydrochloride (0.3 mg kg−1, Orion Pharma).
4
In Vivo Brain Imaging and Blood Flow Analysis
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Imaging took place on a Leica MZ 16F stereoscope. Animals were anaesthetized with a combination of isoflurane gas and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (0.05 mg kg−1, Orion Pharma), and kept on a heated water blanket. The animals’ heads were stabilized to prevent breathing artefacts. Animals were injected with 12 mg ml−1 fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled dextran dissolved in PBS to make the blood vessels fluorescent under blue light. Bright-field and fluorescent images were taken of the electrode arrays and surrounding brain tissue. In addition, blood flow movie recordings were acquired using the light path of the Leica MZ 16F stereoscope in combination with the Sony HDR-SR11 high-definition camcorder.
5
Hydrogel Implantation in Rats
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Three Wistar rats weighing 150–200 g were given analgesic (0.01 mg Buprenorfin) by intraperitoneal injection the day before and on days 0, 1 and 2 post-surgery to minimize post-operative discomfort. While under general anesthesia (ketamine 25 mg/ml, Pfizer and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride 0.5 mg/ml, Orion Pharma), rat skin was shaved on the dorsal flank region, and a 2 cm-long para-vertebral cutaneous incision was made. A subcutaneous pocket was then created by blunt dissection, and a 1 cm square flat hydrogel was placed into the pocket. The pocket was then sealed with three Vicryl absorbable sutures. Images were taken on days 0, 3, 5, 7, 6 and 21, and 8 weeks post-surgery to evaluate wound healing and signs of inflammation. Rats were euthanized at 8 weeks, and tissue at the implantation site was collected for evaluation of extent of degradation, tissue fibrosis, leukocyte invasion and neovascularization. Rats were used after obtaining ethical approval from the Linköping Animal Ethical Review Board (Permit ID 585), and all experiments were in compliance with EU Directive 2010/63/EU.
6
Comprehensive Mouse Tissue Sampling
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Mice were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine (Richter Pharma)/dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (Orion Pharma) and euthanized by exsanguination followed by cervical dislocation. Peripheral blood was collected in 500 µL tubes containing serum gel with a clotting activator (Microvette 500 Z‐Gel; Sarstedt). Serum was extracted and stored at −80°C until use. Lung lavage was performed twice with 250 µL of ice‐cold PBS to collect bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The liver was perfused by injection of 10 mL of PBS (room temperature) into the portal vein and the gall bladder was removed. Lungs, mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN), and livers were dissected, and weights were noted.
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