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8 protocols using trisodium citrate dehydrate

1

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles

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Copper nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO3)2·3H2O), PVP, hydrazine monohydrate (N2H4·H2O), silver nitrate (AgNO3), trisodium citrate dehydrate (C6H5Na3O7·2H2O), methyl orange (MO), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4·4H2O) were acquired from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All the chemicals were used without further purification.
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2

Synthesis of Multifunctional Nanomaterials

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Ethanol, ethylene glycol (EG), ammonia solution, crystal violet, and PATP were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Co. Sodium acetate anhydrous and trisodium citrate dehydrate were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Co. Ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) and thiram were purchased from Tianjin ZhiYuan Reagent Co. Ascorbic acid, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and gold chloride trihydrate (HAuCl4·3H2O) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Co. DI water was obtained from a Milli-Q system.
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of Metallic Catalysts

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Polyurethane (PU, 8670AU) was purchased from Bayer. Commercial Pd/C catalyst was obtained from Shanghai River Sen Electric Co., Ltd. Potassium hydroxide (KOH, >85%), tetrachloroauric(iii) acid hydrate (AuCl3 HCl·4H2O, >47.8%), sodium borohydride (NaBH4, 98%), l-ascorbic acid (AA, ≥99.7%), trisodium citrate dehydrate (TCD, C6H5Na3O7·2H2O, ≥99.0%), and isopropanol (C3H8O, ≥99.7%) were all obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB, 99%), hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC, 97%) and sodium tetrachloropalladate(ii) (Na2PdCl4, 98%) were all purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., Ltd. Poly(ethyleneimine) solution (PEI, average Mw ∼2000 by LS, 50 wt% in H2O) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. Alcohol (CH3CH2OH, 99.5%) and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 12 M) were both obtained Tianjin Fuyu Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. All the chemicals were used as received without further purification. The water used in all experiments was ultrapure water prepared by an ultrapure water system (Ulupure, Zhengzhou, China) with a resistivity of 18.25 MΩ cm at room temperature. The quartz tube furnace (OTF-1200X) was purchased from Hefei Crystal Materials Technology Co., Ltd.
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Synthesis of Fluorescent Nanoparticles

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FeCl3·6H2O, trisodium
citrate dehydrate, ethylene glycol, urea, resorcinol, ammonia, formaldehyde,
silane coupling agent KH550, maleic anhydride, CuCl2 NaOH,
NH2OH·HCl, glucose, K2HPO4,
KH2PO4, NaCl, NH4Cl, MgSO4·7H2O, and CaCl2 were purchased from Sinopharm
Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Lactose was purchased from Shanghai Macklin
Biochemical Co., Ltd. All chemicals were analytically pure and used
without further purification. Deionized water was used in all synthesis
procedures.
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5

Synthesis and Evaluation of Nanoparticles

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Ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3∙6H2O), trisodium citrate dehydrate (Na3Cit), sodium acetate trihydrate (NaAc∙3H2O), ethylene glycol (EG), polyethylene glycol (PEG, Mw = 4000), anhydrous ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were acquired from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China). Sulfasalazine (SSZ) and doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) were generously granted by Energy Chemical. Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (3-CCA) and Hoechst 33,342 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All needing reagents were utilized without further disposal. Deionized water was manufactured by Milli-Q system (Millipore, USA) and employed throughout the experiments.
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6

Optimized 1,3-PDO Fermentation Protocol

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1,3-PDO standard was purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit was provided by Shanghai Sangon Biotech Ltd (Shanghai, China). End-Point Chromogenic Endotoxin Test LAL Kit (EC80545) was bought from Xiamen Bioendo Technology Co., Ltd. (Xiamen, China). All other chemicals, such as trisodium citrate dehydrate and ethyl acetate were of analytical grade and bought from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Seed and fermentation media had been described in the previously reported work (Shen et al. 2016 (link)). K. pneumoniae S2 and the phage phiKpS2 used in this work were isolated from 1,3-PDO fermentation broth (Liu et al. 2007 (link); Shen et al. 2016 (link)). K. pneumoniae strain was maintained, and they were maintained at -80 °C and 4 °C, respectively.
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7

Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles

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Gold chloride hydrate, hydroquinone
(AR), sodium borohydride (96%), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, AR, 96%) were purchased from Aladdin. Hexadecyl
trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB, AR), trisodium citrate dehydrate
(AR), and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF, MW = 1 million) were purchased
from the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent. Sodium hydroxide (AR) and silver
nitrate solution was purchased from Macklin. Ultrapure water (18.2
MΩ·cm–1) was produced by a Millipore
water purification system.
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8

Exosome Isolation and Characterization Protocol

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Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) trihydrate (HAuCl 4 •3H 2 O), 5,5 -dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH; MW 17,500) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA). Trisodium citrate dehydrate and absolute ethanol were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 10 mM, pH 7.4) was purchased from Nanjing KeyGen Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Nanjing, China). Chlorpromazine, nystatin and amiloride hydrochloride were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). ExoQuick-TC Exosome Precipitation Solution was purchased from System Biosciences (CA, USA). In all of the experiments, deionized water with a resistivity of 18.2 M cm -1 was used.
Cell culture HeLa cells of human cervical cancer were purchased from China Type Culture Collection (Shanghai, China). The cells were cultured in minimum essential medium (MEM) medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum as well as 1% penicillin-streptomycin. The cell culture was performed under a standard condition (5% CO 2 , 37 • C).
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