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9 protocols using tetraglyme

1

Synthesis of Lanthanide Complexes

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Commercial barium hydroxide [Ba(OH)2•8H2O], cerium nitrate [Ce(NO3)3•6H2O] or yttrium acetate hydrate [Y(CH3COO)3•xH2O], and Hhfa (Hhfa = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetone) were purchased from STREM Chemicals Inc. Bischheim (France), while diglyme and tetraglyme (diglyme = bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether and tetraglyme = 2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxapentadecane) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck KGaA, Germany). All chemicals were used without any further purification.
The Ba(hfa)2tetraglyme, Ce(hfa)3diglyme and Y(hfa)3diglyme compounds were synthesized by reacting the barium hydroxide, cerium nitrate hydrate, or yttrium acetate hydrate, respectively, with the ligands Hhfa and polyether, such as tetraglyme (for Ba) and diglyme (for Ce and Y).
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2

Flame-Spray Synthesis of SmCoO Nanoparticles

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SmxCoyOz, (nominally SmCo5O9), nanoparticles were custom synthesized by Nanocerox (Ann Arbor, MI) using flame spray pyrolysis of controlled ratios of Sm and Co salts dissolved in organic solvents. Particle size was predominantly 20–50 nm, with some particles in the 50–100 nm range. Absolute ethanol was used as received; Tetraglyme; Ca granules, redistilled, 16 mesh, 99.5%; and 1 mm thick graphite electrodes were from Sigma-Aldrich; Alfa Aesar; and Ohio Carbon Blank; respectively. For characterization it was desirable to remove the calcium oxide from the sintered magnet. The calcium was removed from the monolithic sintered magnets by soaking them for 30 minutes in water saturated with bubbling argon gas.
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3

Graphite-based Electrode Fabrication

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Graphite flakes (100 mesh,
≥75% min), sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 98%),
phosphoric acid (H3PO4, 85%), potassium permanganate
(KMnO4, 99%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 35%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
(NMP, C5H9NO, anhydrous, 99.5%), ethanol (C2H5OH, ≥99.9%), methanol (CH3OH,
≥99.9%) tetraethyl orthosilicate (Si(OC2H5)4, 98%), Pluronic F108 (∼14 600, PEG–PPG–PEG),
dimethoxydimethylsilane (DMDMS, 95%), ammonia solution (NH4OH, 25%), ethylene glycol (C2H6O2, 99.8%, anhydrous), potassium chloride (KCl), dipotassium hydrogen
phosphate (K2HPO4, anhydrous), lithium perchlorate
(LiClO4, 99.9%, anhydrous), tetraglyme (TEGDME, 99.9%,
anhydrous), and lithium iodide (LiI, anhydrous) were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. Carbon black (Super P, >99%), poly(vinylidene fluoride)
(PVDF), palladium(II) chloride (solution 20–25%, w/w), and
melamine (C3H6N6, 99%) were purchased
from Alfa Aesar. Lithium chips (16 × 0.25 mm2, 99.9%)
were purchased from MTI Corporation.
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4

Polyester Synthesis and Characterization

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Dibutyltin oxide (Bu2SnO, Merck, ≥98%), anhydrous ethylene glycol (EG, Sigma Aldrich, 99.8%), dimethyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate (MeFDCA, CM fine chemicals, 99%), 2-ethylhexanoic acid tin(II) (tin octoate, SnOct2, Sigma Aldrich, 95%), 1-dodecanol (Acros Organics, 98%), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, Fluorochem, 99%), potassium trifluoroacetate (K-TFAc, Aldrich, 98%), 2-methylnaphthalene (Sigma Aldrich, 95%; AlfaAesar, 97%), 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB, Sigma Aldrich, 99%), acetonitrile (ACN, Sigma Aldrich, ≥99.7%), n-hexane (Sigma Aldrich, ≥95%), toluene (Fluka, ≥99.7%), tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (tetraglyme, Sigma Aldrich, 99%), diethyl ether (Et2O, Sigma Aldrich, ≥99.8%), dichloromethane (DCM, Fisher, 99.99%), hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP, Fluorochem, 99.9%), tetrahydrofuran (THF, Merck, >99.8%), chloroform-d (CDCl3, Armar Chemicals, ≥99.8%) and trifluoroacetic acid-d (TFA-d, Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, 99.5%) were used as received. The initiators, 1-dodecanol and tetraglyme were stored in a glove box under a nitrogen atmosphere. For benchmarking our PEF with bottle-grade PET, samples of the latter were taken from commercially available PET plastic bottles. To evaluate the accuracy of polymer molecular weight analytics, PET and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) standards were received from PSS Polymer Standards Service, Germany.
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5

Electrochemical Characterization of Alkali-Organic Electrolytes

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A 0.1 M alkali metal/organic cation hydroxide solution (Sigma-Aldrich, ≥99.9%), preelectrolyzed for 24 hours using a constant reducing current of −5 mA cm−2 to deposit most of the metal impurities onto a Cu foil (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.998%), was used as the electrolyte for the spectroscopic tests. For the experiments involving the use of crown ether (18-crown-6, Acros Organics, 99.0% or 15-crown-5, Sigma-Aldrich, 98%) or tetraglyme (Sigma-Aldrich, ≥99%), they were directly added to the hydroxide electrolyte in an equimolar portion.
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6

Synthesis of Electrolyte Components

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Potassium hydroxide (≥85%), sodium
sulfate (anhydrous), sodium hydride (60%, in mineral oil), 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propanol
(97%), 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (99%), 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DMC
(50:50 v/v, battery grade), diethylene glycol (99%), triethylene glycol
(99%), tetraethylene glycol (99%), diglyme (anhydrous), α,α,α-trifluorotoluene
(99%), tetraglyme (anhydrous), and 4 Å molecular sieves were
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Acetone (99.5%), tetrahydrofuran (certified
grade, with 0.025% butylated hydroxytoluene as a preservative), dichloromethane
(99.5%), hexanes (98.5%), ethyl acetate (99.5%), and methanol (99.8%)
were purchased from Fisher. Lithium foil (750 μm thick), p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (98%), and triglyme (99%) were
purchased from Alfa Aesar. Lithium perchlorate (99%), lithum bis(fluorosulfonyl)
amide (99%), and pentaethylene glycol (95%) were purchased from Oakwood
Chemical. Deuterated acetonitrile (≥99.8 atom % D) and deuterated
chloroform (≥99.8 atom % D) were purchased from Cambridge Isotope
Laboratories. All solvents used for preparing electrolytes were dried
by 4 Å molecular sieves overnight inside an argon-filled glovebox
(VigorTech, O2 and H2O < 1 ppm). LiFSA salt
was vacuum-dried at 120 °C overnight in a heated glovebox antechamber
before use and was not exposed to air at any time. Other chemicals
were used as received.
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7

Synthesis of Li-S Battery Components

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Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, 99.5 wt%), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, 99.5 wt%), elemental sulfur (99.5 wt%), lithium sulfide (Li2S, 99.98 wt%), 1,3-dioxolane (DOL, 99.8 wt%), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME, 99.5 wt%), tetraglyme (99 wt%), lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI, 99.95 wt%), lithium nitrate (LiNO3, 99.99 wt%), cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2·6H2O), potassium permanganate (KMnO4, 99.5 wt%), graphite powder, ammonium tetrathiomolybdate ((NH4)2MoS4, 99.95 wt%), reduced graphene oxide (rGO, chemically reduced) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Graphene oxide (GO, >99 wt%) was purchased from Aladdin reagent. Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37 wt%), sodium nitrate (NaNO3, 99 wt%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30 wt%) were purchased from Chuandong Reagent. Super P carbon (99.5 wt%) from Timcal were used as received. The carbon paper (HCP120, thickness 0.21 mm) was purchased from Shanghai HESEN Co., Ltd.
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8

Synthesis of Lithium Polysulfide Electrolyte

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Nitric acid (HNO3, AR) was purchased from Wako. Tetraglyme (99.5%), sulfur (S8, 99.9%), and lithium disulfide (Li2S, 99.9%) were ordered from Sigma-Aldrich. Tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium was bought from Japan Advanced Chemicals. All chemicals are analytical grade without further purification.
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9

Hexafluoroacetylacetone Synthesis and Purification

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Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, >98%) and 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedione (H-hfa, >98%) were purchased from Strem Chemicals and used without further purification. Monoglyme (1,2-dimethoxyethane, 99.5%), diglyme (bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether, 99.5%), triglyme (2,5,8,11-tetraoxadodecane, >98%), tetraglyme (2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxapentadecane, >99%), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2, >99.5%), and n-pentane were purchased from Sigma Aldrich.
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