Cells were grown on
Lab-Tek 2-well chamber slides (Nunc, Thermo) at 2 × 10
4 cells per well. The cells were fixed in 3.6% formaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), permeabilized in 0.1% NP-40 in PBS at room temperature, and incubated with
anti-HA antibody (3F10; F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland) at a 1:300 dilution in PBS containing 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) at 37°C for 30 min. I also used
anti-DDX6 (A300-460A; Bethyl Lab), anti-XRN1 (A300-443A; Bethyl Lab),
anti-G3BP1 (A302-033A; Bethyl),
anti-DDX21 (A300-627A; Bethyl Lab), anti-MOV10 (A301-571A; Bethyl Lab),
anti-DDX5 (A300-523A; Bethyl Lab), and anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (
ab273434 [6H3]; Abcam or
GTX632269 [6H3]; GeneTex) antibodies as primary antibodies. Cells were then stained with donkey anti-mouse IgG (H+L
) Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated secondary antibody and/or donkey anti-rabbit or anti-rat IgG (H+L
) Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated secondary antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), at a 1:300 dilution in PBS containing 3% BSA at 37°C for 30 min. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). Following washing 3 times in PBS, the cover slides were mounted on slides using
SlowFade Gold antifade reagent (Life Technology). Samples were analyzed under a confocal laser-scanning microscope (
FV1200; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
, & Ariumi Y. (2022). Host Cellular RNA Helicases Regulate SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Journal of Virology, 96(6), e00002-22.