Amidated pectin (APN) was supplied from C&G (Jasło, Poland). Calcium chloride and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane were obtained from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland). Hydrochloric acid was bought in StanLab (Lublin, Poland). Polyacrylic acid (PA) was delivered from Lubrizol (Brumach, Belgium) and ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate (AX) from CLARIANT (Muttenz, Switzerland). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 was a gift from the local industry Hasco-Lek (Wrocław, Poland). Thirty percent dispersion of polyvinyl acetate stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone and sodium lauryl sulfate (PVAC-D) was supplied from BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). A blend of polyvinyl acetate and povidone in the ratio 8:2 (PVAC-P) was supplied from BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). The 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) was obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and pectinase was bought in BROWIN (Łódź, Poland). All reagents were of analytical grade and were applied without additional purification.
Calcium chloride
Manufactured by Chempur
Sourced in Poland
Calcium chloride is a white, crystalline compound with the chemical formula CaCl2. It is a common laboratory chemical used for its desiccant properties, ability to lower the freezing point of water, and as a source of calcium ions.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Chempur (3 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Chempur (2 mentions)
Sodium bicarbonate, by Chempur (2 mentions)
Ethacridine lactate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Uv 1280 spectrophotometer, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone, by BASF (1 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by EKF Diagnostics (1 mentions)
Polyvinyl acetate, by BASF (1 mentions)
5 aminosalicylic acid 5 asa, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Chitosan, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Chempur (1 mentions)
Sodium alginate, by Büchi (1 mentions)
Magnesium chloride solution, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Disodium hydrogen phosphate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Chempur (1 mentions)
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, by Chempur (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Chempur (1 mentions)
Mucin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
9 protocols using calcium chloride
1
Amidated Pectin-Based Drug Delivery
2
Chitosan-Quercetin Hydrogel Formulation
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Chitosan (with degree of deacetylation > 75%, and a molecular weight between 310,000 and 375,000 Da) and quercetin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co (Burlington, MA, US). Sodium alginate, sodium hydroxide 1 M, hydrochloric acid and calcium chloride were purchased from Chempur (Piekary Slaskie, Poland). Acetic acid, sodium acetate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium citrate were purchased from Promochem (Wesel, Germany). All reagents were used as such in the research showed pharmaceutical or analytical purity.
Equipment: analytical balance type Kern ABT 220-5DNM (Kern and Sohn GmbH, Balingen, Germany), ultrasonic bath type Elmasonic S 100 H (Elma Schmidbauer GmbH, Singen, Germany), pH meter type pH 7310 Inolab (Xylem Analytics GmbH, Wellheim, Germany), Ecostris magnetic stirrer (Dlab Scirntific Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), Universal 320R centrifuge (Hettich GmbH and Co KG, Tuttingen, Germany), FTIR 7800 (PG Instruments Ltd., Lutterworth, Great Britain), UV-VIS spectrophotometer T70+ (PG Instruments Ltd., Lutterworth, Great Britain), Ratiopetta pipette 1000-5000 µL (Ratiolab GmbH, Dreieich, Germany), 20 mL Becton Dickinson Discarded syringe with 23G needle (0.60 mm× 30 mm) KDM.
Equipment: analytical balance type Kern ABT 220-5DNM (Kern and Sohn GmbH, Balingen, Germany), ultrasonic bath type Elmasonic S 100 H (Elma Schmidbauer GmbH, Singen, Germany), pH meter type pH 7310 Inolab (Xylem Analytics GmbH, Wellheim, Germany), Ecostris magnetic stirrer (Dlab Scirntific Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), Universal 320R centrifuge (Hettich GmbH and Co KG, Tuttingen, Germany), FTIR 7800 (PG Instruments Ltd., Lutterworth, Great Britain), UV-VIS spectrophotometer T70+ (PG Instruments Ltd., Lutterworth, Great Britain), Ratiopetta pipette 1000-5000 µL (Ratiolab GmbH, Dreieich, Germany), 20 mL Becton Dickinson Discarded syringe with 23G needle (0.60 mm× 30 mm) KDM.
3
Sodium Alginate and Gellan Gum Hydrogel Synthesis
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Sodium alginate (ALG) was supplied by BÜCHI Labortechnik AG (Flawil, Switzerland), for which the viscosity average molecular weight was determined in our laboratory, and it was equal to 55,800 for K = 0.0178 cm3/g and a = 1 [29 (link)]. Gellan gum (GG) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Poznan, Poland). Calcium chloride (CaCl2), acetic acid (CH3COOH), sodium acetate (CH3COONa), disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4), monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) were supplied by Chempur (Piekary Slaskie, Poland). Decyl glucoside (DG) was acquired from Greenaction (Kielce, Poland). All used chemicals were of analytical grade.
4
Comparative Evaluation of Disinfection Products
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The active substances contained in these products belong to various chemical groups, such as alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds, oxidizing compounds, and glucoprotamine. In total, 12 commercial products for disinfection were selected for the study, including 6 products in the form of a liquid ready for soaking wipes or in the form of a concentrate for the preparation of working solutions and 6 products in the form of commercial wipes soaked in a disinfectant (Table 1 ).
Products in the form of concentrates (No. 1, 2, and 4) were diluted in hard water containing 6 mL/L of solution A (19.84 g/L of magnesium chloride solution (Sigma) and 46.24 g/L of calcium chloride (Chempur, Karlsruhe, Germany)) and 8 mL/L of solution B (35.02 g/L of sodium bicarbonate (Chempur)).
All commercial wipes still had a valid shelf life, and their original packaging was opened just prior to testing. Self-made wipes soaked in disinfectant according to EN 16615 were used just after preparation.
Products in the form of concentrates (No. 1, 2, and 4) were diluted in hard water containing 6 mL/L of solution A (19.84 g/L of magnesium chloride solution (Sigma) and 46.24 g/L of calcium chloride (Chempur, Karlsruhe, Germany)) and 8 mL/L of solution B (35.02 g/L of sodium bicarbonate (Chempur)).
All commercial wipes still had a valid shelf life, and their original packaging was opened just prior to testing. Self-made wipes soaked in disinfectant according to EN 16615 were used just after preparation.
5
Ethacridine Lactate Quantification Protocol
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All reagents were of analytical grade and used as received.
Ethacridine lactate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and disodium hydrogen phosphate were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Hydrochloride acid, sodium chloride, and ethanol were purchased from Chemical Company (Iași, Romania). Sodium hydroxide and calcium chloride were delivered by Chempur (Piekary Ślaskie, Poland). Sodium alginate (low viscosity grade) was bought from BUCHI Laboratortechnik AG (Flawil, Switzerland).
All solutions were prepared with distilled water. When required, pH was adjusted with NaOH (0.1 M) or HCl (0.1 M).
A 500 mg/L stock solution of Ethacridine lactate was prepared and set aside at 4 °C in a closed vessel. Dilutions with concentrations between 1 and 60 mg/L were then obtained; their absorbance, recorded at a wavelength of 431 nm on a UV1280 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan), served for the construction of a calibration curve.
All the experiments were carried out in triplicate.
Ethacridine lactate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and disodium hydrogen phosphate were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Hydrochloride acid, sodium chloride, and ethanol were purchased from Chemical Company (Iași, Romania). Sodium hydroxide and calcium chloride were delivered by Chempur (Piekary Ślaskie, Poland). Sodium alginate (low viscosity grade) was bought from BUCHI Laboratortechnik AG (Flawil, Switzerland).
All solutions were prepared with distilled water. When required, pH was adjusted with NaOH (0.1 M) or HCl (0.1 M).
A 500 mg/L stock solution of Ethacridine lactate was prepared and set aside at 4 °C in a closed vessel. Dilutions with concentrations between 1 and 60 mg/L were then obtained; their absorbance, recorded at a wavelength of 431 nm on a UV1280 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan), served for the construction of a calibration curve.
All the experiments were carried out in triplicate.
6
Metformin-Alginate Hydrogel Formulation
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Metformin hydrochloride (MF) was a product of Debao Fine Chemical CO (Henan, China). Sodium alginate (ALG) (with viscosity 132.6 mPa∙s of 2% solution), mucin, and gelatin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, methanol, propan-1,2-diol, acetonitrile, and calcium chloride were from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland). Water was purified by osmosis system, Milli-Q Reagent Water System (Billerica, MA, USA). Porcine stomach mucosa was derived from the local veterinary service.
7
Prostate Cancer Cell Line Assay
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LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line was obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA). Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1535/pSK1002 was purchased from Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ, Inhoffenstraße 7B 38124 Braunschweig, Germany). DMEM medium supplemented with phenol red, Ultraglutamine and high glucose (4.5 g/L) was from Lonza (Verviers, Belgium). The solutions of penicillin/streptomycin, 0.25% trypsin-EDTA and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were from Gibco (Paisley, UK). Genistein (≥98%, HPLC), daidzein (≥98%), equol (≥99%, TLC), fetal bovine serum (FBS), sodium pyruvate solution (100 mM), deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt type XIV: from herring testes, bisbenzimide H 33258, camptothecin, 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4NQO), 2-aminoanthracene (2AA), d -glucose 6-phosphate disodium salt hydrate (G-6-P) and 2-nitrophenyl β-d -galactopyranoside (ONPG) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Poznań, Poland). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) was purchased from MP Biomedicals. Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4 × 7H2O, ≥99.5%), sodium selenate (Na2SeO4, ≥98%), copper(II)/cupric sulphate (CuSO4 × 5H2O, ≥99%), iron(II) sulphate (FeSO4 × 7H2O, ≥99%), DMSO were obtained from POCH (Gliwice, Poland) and calcium chloride (CaCl2 × 6H2O, ≥98%) was from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland). Methanol was purchased from Merck (Warsaw, Poland).
8
Ethacridine Lactate Quantification Protocol
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Reagents required for conducting the experiments were of analytical quality and did not undergo any treatment or purification.
Ethacridine lactate was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Hydrochloride acid, sodium chloride, and ethanol were delivered by Chemical Company (Iași, Romania). Sodium hydroxide and calcium chloride were bought from Chempur (Piekary Ślaskie, Poland). Sodium alginate (low viscosity grade) was procured from BUCHI Laboratortechnik AG (Flawil, Switzerland).
Saccharomyces pastorianus, in the form of dried and residual biomass, were a gentle donation of the brewing company Albrau (Onești, Romania).
Distilled water was used to prepare all the solutions. NaOH (0.1 M) or HCl (0.1 M) were employed in pH corrections.
A stock solution of Ethacridine lactate with a concentration of 500 mg/L was firstly prepared and kept at 4 °C in a closed vessel. Subsequent dilutions (1 mg/L to 60 mg/L) were obtained; their absorbance was recorded at a wavelength of 431 nm on a UV1280 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) and served to plot the calibration curve.
All the experiments were performed in triplicate.
Ethacridine lactate was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Hydrochloride acid, sodium chloride, and ethanol were delivered by Chemical Company (Iași, Romania). Sodium hydroxide and calcium chloride were bought from Chempur (Piekary Ślaskie, Poland). Sodium alginate (low viscosity grade) was procured from BUCHI Laboratortechnik AG (Flawil, Switzerland).
Saccharomyces pastorianus, in the form of dried and residual biomass, were a gentle donation of the brewing company Albrau (Onești, Romania).
Distilled water was used to prepare all the solutions. NaOH (0.1 M) or HCl (0.1 M) were employed in pH corrections.
A stock solution of Ethacridine lactate with a concentration of 500 mg/L was firstly prepared and kept at 4 °C in a closed vessel. Subsequent dilutions (1 mg/L to 60 mg/L) were obtained; their absorbance was recorded at a wavelength of 431 nm on a UV1280 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) and served to plot the calibration curve.
All the experiments were performed in triplicate.
9
Preparation and Characterization of Biomaterials
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Bovine serum albumin (BSA ≥ 98.0%) and HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) buffer were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Poznan, Poland), calcium chloride, propylene glycol and sodium chloride were purchased from Chempur (Piekary Slaskie, Poland) and potassium chloride was obtained from POCH (Gliwice, Poland), EggPC 90G from Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen, Germany). All chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further purification. 50 mM HEPES buffer (pH = 7.4) was prepared using fresh deionized water (conductivity < 2 μS). All solution containing mixtures of salts were tested for the presence of precipitation using the dynamic light scattering technique. In all cases no particulates larger than 2 nm were detected.
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