N 3 2 furyl acryloyl phenylalanylglycylglycine fapgg

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) frames were collected for research purposes from a local seafood processing plant (Fortune Life Company, Kaohsiung, Taiwan) and kept in −20 °C until further use. Bromelain enzyme specialty for food and beverages was purchased from Amano enzyme Inc. (Nagoya, Japan). For SB production, all of the materials were commercial products composed of whole oat (Quaker), fine oat flakes (Quaker), rice flakes (Kellog’s), jumbo raisins (Trygood’s—beans group), Fructose (Fong Leng), and crystal sugar. Two commercial snack bars, Nestle (Brand A) and Nature Valley (Brand B), were used to compare with the developed bars. For chemical materials, ACE from rabbit lung (≥2 units/mg protein) and the substrate N-(3-[2-furyl]acryloyl)-phenylalanylglycylglycine (FAPGG) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Microorganisms were initially purchased from Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Taiwan. Escherichia coli BCRC 10675 and Staphylococcus aureus BCRC 10780 cultures were prepared from the Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, NTOU. Muller Hinton agar was prepared for antibacterial activity analysis by combining Mueller Hinton Broth and 1.5% Bacto Agar from Difco Culture Media (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Other used chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade.

Mackerel (Scomber australasicus) steaming juice was supplied by Tong Yeng Co., Ltd., Yilan county, Taiwan. Enzymes such as papain, pepsin, thermolysin, bromelain and alcalase were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (St Louis, MO, USA). Proteinase K was purchased from Promega Corporation. ACE from rabbit lung (≥2 units/mg protein) and the substrate N-(3-[2-furyl]acryloyl)-phenylalanylglycylglycine (FAPGG) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Other chemicals and reagents used in this research were of analytical grade.